J/ApJ/907/17ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/907/17doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.19070017CDSLehmer B.D.Eufrasio R.T.Basu-Zych A.Doore K.Fragos T.Garofali K.,Kovlakas K.Williams B.F.Zezas A.Santana-Silva L.2024-02-13T12:04:56Z2022-06-14T07:40:22ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frx-ray-binary-starsgalaxiesx-ray-sourcesstar-forming-regionsmetallicityIn this work, we present detailed constraints on the metallicity dependence of the high-mass X-ray binary (HMXB) X-ray luminosity function (XLF). We analyze ~5Ms of Chandra data for 55 actively star-forming galaxies at D<=30Mpc, with gas-phase metallicities spanning 12+log(O/H)~7-9.2. Within the galactic footprints, our sample contains a total of 1311 X-ray point sources, of which ~49% are expected to be HMXBs, with the remaining sources likely to be low-mass X-ray binaries (LMXBs; ~22%) and unrelated background sources (~29%). We construct a model that successfully characterizes the average HMXB XLF over the full metallicity range. We demonstrate that the SFR- normalized HMXB XLF shows clear trends with metallicity, showing steadily increasing numbers of luminous and ultraluminous X-ray sources (logL(erg/s)=38-40.5) with declining metallicity. However, we find that the low-luminosity (logL(erg/s)=36-38) HMXB XLF appears to show a nearly constant SFR scaling and slope with metallicity. Our model provides a revised scaling relation of integrated LX/SFR versus 12+log(O/H), and a new characterization of its SFR-dependent stochastic scatter. The general trend of this relation is broadly consistent with past studies based on integrated galaxy emission; however, our model suggests that this relation is driven primarily by the high-luminosity end of the HMXB XLF. Our results have implications for binary population synthesis models, the nature of super-Eddington accreting objects (e.g., ultraluminous X-ray sources), recent efforts to identify active galactic nucleus candidates in dwarf galaxies, and the X-ray radiation fields in the early universe during the epoch of cosmic heating at z>=10.2021ApJ...907...17Lhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJ/907/17CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toJ/ApJ/602/231 : Chandra X-ray point sources in nearby galaxies (Colbert+, 2004)J/ApJ/617/240 : Oxygen abundances in the GOODS-North field (Kobulnicky+, 2004)J/A+A/464/885 : Abundances in 53 HII regions (Guseva+, 2007)J/ApJS/169/401 : ChaMP X-ray point source catalog (Kim+, 2007)J/ApJ/681/1163 : Late-type galaxies in Chandra deep fields (Lehmer+, 2008)J/ApJ/695/580 : Oxygen abundance in M83 (Bresolin+, 2009)J/ApJS/190/233 : Spectroscopy & abundances of SINGS galaxies (Moustakas+, 2010)J/ApJ/741/49 : ULX candidates in nearby galaxies (Swartz+, 2011)J/ApJS/193/31 : M33 Chandra ACIS survey: final catalog (Tullmann+, 2011)J/MNRAS/416/1844 : 2XMM ultraluminous X-ray source candidates (Walton+, 2011)J/A+A/546/A122 : SDSS metal-poor emission-line galaxies (Izotov+, 2012)J/MNRAS/419/2095 : HMXBs in nearby galaxies (Mineo+, 2012)J/ApJ/764/41 : X-ray binary evolution across cosmic time (Fragos+, 2013)J/ApJ/776/L31 : Energy feedback from XRB from z=0 to z=19.92 (Fragos+, 2013)J/AJ/146/86 : Cosmicflows-2 catalog (Tully+, 2013)J/ApJ/774/136 : X-ray obs. of SINGS gal. compared to models (Tzanavaris+, 2013)J/ApJS/218/9 : Deep XMM-Newton survey of M33 (Williams+, 2015)J/ApJ/825/7 : Evolution of ~6Ms CDF-S galaxies (Lehmer+, 2016)J/ApJ/829/20 : Chandra ACIS survey in nearby galaxies. II (Wang+, 2016)J/ApJ/887/20 : Deep Chandra survey of the SMC. III. HMXBs (Antoniou+, 2019)J/MNRAS/483/5554 : Non-nuclear X-ray sources nearby galaxies (Earnshaw+, 2019)J/ApJS/243/3 : Chandra observations of SINGS galaxies (Lehmer+, 2019)J/ApJ/890/150 : X-ray binaries in M101 with HST optical data (Chandar+, 2020)J/ApJS/248/31 : HST & Chandra obs. of elliptical galaxies (Lehmer+, 2020)http://leda.univ-lyon1.fr/ : Hyperleda online basehttps://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/907/17https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/907/17http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/907/17https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/907/17https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/907/17http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/907/17GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJ/907/17/table1 (HMXB-dominant galaxy and properties)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/907/17/table1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/907/17/table1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/907/17/table1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true2.485417-24.9631390.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJ/907/17/tablea1 (X-ray point-source catalog and properties)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/907/17/tablea1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/907/17/tablea1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/907/17/tablea1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true2.43360306-24.9712150.0055555555555555560/https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJ/907/17?format=asciiX-raydefaultJ/ApJ/907/17/table1HMXB-dominant galaxy and propertiesrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintGalIDAdopted galaxy designation (with Messier designation)meta.id;meta.maincharprimaryNsourcesNumber of X-ray sources observed (tablea1)meta.numberintnullableRAJ2000[0/23] Hour of Right Ascension, central position (J2000)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainSimbadNameSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.idcharnullableDEJ2000Degree of Declination, central position (J2000)pos.eq.dec;meta.mainDist[1.9/29.4] Adopted distanceMpcpos.distancefloate_Dist[0.03/7]? 1{sigma} uncertainty in DistMpcstat.errorfloatnullablea[0.1/6.59] Isophotal ellipse parameter, semi-major axis (1)arcminstat.paramfloatb[0.05/4.01] Isophotal ellipse parameter, semi-minor axis (1)arcminstat.paramfloatPA[10/180] Isophotal ellipse parameter, Position angle, east of north (1)degstat.paramfloatMass[7.29/10.5]? Log of the galactic stellar masslog(solMass)phys.mass;pos.galacticfloatnullableSFR[0.0007/8.97] Star-formation rate within the defined regionsolMass/yrphys.SFRfloat[O/H][7.17/9.1] Adopted estimate of the average oxygen abundance, 12+log(O/H) (2)phys.abundfloate_[O/H][0.0/0.23] Uncertainty in [O/H] (2)stat.error;phys.abundfloatTexp[4/853] Cumulative Chandra exposure timekstime.duration;obs.exposureint[L50][35.5/38.5] log, 0.5-8keV luminosity, erg/slog(1e-07W)phys.luminosity;em.X-rayfloatNx[0/363] Number of X-ray detected sources within the galactic footprints (3)meta.numberintr_Dist[1/12] Reference for Distmeta.ref;pos.frameintr_[O/H][1/20] Reference for [O/H]meta.ref;pos.frameintJ/ApJ/907/17/tablea1X-ray point-source catalog and propertiesGalIDName of the host galaxymeta.id.parentcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintName[1/456] Point-source identification number within the galaxymeta.id;meta.mainintRAJ2000[2.43/360] Right Ascension, point source, decimal degrees (J2000)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000[-76.7/68.6] Declination, point source, decimal degrees (J2000)degpos.eq.dec;meta.maintheta[0/12.4] Angular offset, point source relative to average aim point of Chandra observationarcminpos.angDistancefloatNFB[0.8/114995] 0.5-7keV net countsphot.count;arith.ratiodoublee_NFB[1/359] Uncertainty in NFBstat.errorfloatNH[0.006/9.8] Best-fit H column density (1)1e+22cm**-2phys.columnDensity;meta.modelledfloate_NH[0.006/7.7] Uncertainty in NH (1)1e+22cm**-2stat.errorfloatGamma[0.09/3.3] Best-fit photon index (1)meta.code;spect.index;meta.modelledfloate_Gamma[-10/2.19]? Uncertainty in Gamma (1)stat.errorfloatnullablelogFFB[-16.6/-11.7] log, 0.5-8 keV flux, erg/s/cm2log(mW.m**-2)phot.flux;em.X-rayfloatlogLFB[34.4/40.5] log, 0.5-8 keV luminosity, erg/slog(1e-07W)phys.luminosity;em.X-rayfloatFlag[1/5] Location Flag (2)meta.code.errorintJ/ApJ/907/17/refsReferences usedAutorMain autorobs.observercharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintRef[1/20] Reference codemeta.noteintBIBBIBcodemeta.bib.bibcodecharCat.Catalog in Viziermeta.notechar