J/ApJ/906/72ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/906/72doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.19060072CDSOkamoto S.Notsu Y.Maehara H.Namekata K.Honda S.Ikuta K.,Nogami D.Shibata K.2022-09-30T22:24:19Z2022-06-01T07:49:25ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frg-starsstellar-flaresvisible-astronomyeffective-temperaturestellar-radiiWe report the latest statistical analyses of superflares on solar-type (G-type main-sequence; effective temperature is 5100-6000K) stars using all of the Kepler primary mission data and Gaia Data Release 2 catalog. We updated the flare detection method from our previous studies by using a high-pass filter to remove rotational variations caused by starspots. We also examined the sample biases on the frequency of superflares, taking into account gyrochronology and flare detection completeness. The sample sizes of solar-type and Sun-like stars (effective temperature is 5600-6000K and rotation period is over 20 days in solar-type stars) are ~4 and ~12 times, respectively, compared with Notsu et al. As a result, we found 2341 superflares on 265 solar-type stars and 26 superflares on 15 Sun-like stars; the former increased from 527 to 2341 and the latter from three to 26 events compared with our previous study. This enabled us to have a more well-established view on the statistical properties of superflares. The observed upper limit of the flare energy decreases as the rotation period increases in solar-type stars. The frequency of superflares decreases as the stellar rotation period increases. The maximum energy we found on Sun-like stars is 4x1034erg. Our analysis of Sun-like stars suggests that the Sun can cause superflares with energies of ~7x1033erg (~X700-class flares) and ~1x1034erg (~X1000-class flares) once every ~3000 and ~6000yr, respectively.2021ApJ...906...72Ohttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJ/906/72CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toJ/ApJS/159/141 : Spectroscopic properties of cool stars. I. (Valenti+, 2005)J/ApJ/687/1264 : Age estimation for solar-type dwarfs (Mamajek+, 2008)J/AJ/142/112 : KIC photometric calibration (Brown+, 2011)J/ApJ/743/48 : Stars rotation periods and X-ray luminosities (Wright+, 2011)J/other/Nat/485.478 : Superflares on solar-type stars (Maehara+, 2012)J/ApJS/199/30 : Effective temperature scale for KICstars (Pinsonneault+, 2012)J/ApJS/209/5 : Superflares of Kepler stars. I. (Shibayama+, 2013)J/ApJS/211/24 : Rotation periods of Kepler MS stars (McQuillan+, 2014)J/MNRAS/447/2714 : Flare stars across the H-R diagram (Balona+, 2015)J/A+A/581/A28 : Stellar X-ray flares from the 2XMM catalog (Pye+, 2015)J/ApJ/829/23 : Stellar flares from Q0-Q17 Kepler LCs (Davenport, 2016)J/ApJS/224/37 : White-light flares on close binaries from Kepler (Gao+, 2016)J/MNRAS/472/1618 : Kepler study of starspot lifetimes (Giles+, 2017)J/ApJS/229/30 : Stellar properties of Q1-17 Kepler targets (Mathur+, 2017)J/ApJ/851/91 : Statistical studies solar white-light flares (Namekata+, 2017)J/ApJS/232/26 : Catalog of Kepler flare stars (Van Doorsselaere+, 2017)J/ApJ/849/36 : Flaring activity of M dwarfs in the Kepler field (Yang+, 2017)J/ApJ/866/99 : Radii of KIC stars & planets using Gaia DR2 (Berger+, 2018)J/ApJ/883/88 : Short-duration stellar flares GALEX & Kepler (Brasseur+, 2019)J/ApJ/871/187 : Spot parameters on KIC solar-type stars (Namekata+, 2019)J/AJ/159/60 : 8695 flares 1228 stars in TESS sectors 1 & 2 (Gunther+, 2020)J/ApJ/890/46 : Superflares solar-type stars from TESS first year (Tu+, 2020)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/906/72https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/906/72http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/906/72https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/906/72https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/906/72http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/906/72GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJ/906/72/table2 (Parameters of superflares on solar-type stars)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/906/72/table2?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/906/72/table2?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/906/72/table2?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true291.471290336.79983750.0055555555555555565/3690 3694 3732 3740 3778 3780 3782 3785 6/14578 14580-14582 14584-14585 14588 14591 14730-14731 14733-14735 14744 14746 14752-14753 14755-14757 14759 14764-14765 14767-14768 14770-14771 14773 14775 14781-14783 14794 14816 14818 14824-14825 14827 14919 14921-14922 14924 14926-14927 14932 14936 14938-14941 14943 14948-14950 14952 14955 14957-14959 14964 14966-14967 14969-14971 14974-14975 15040 15044 15060 15104 15106 15108-15109 15118-15119 15124 15126-15127 15132 15134-15135 15137 15139 15145 15147-15149 15154-15158 15160 15168 15170 15172 15174 15200https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJ/906/72?format=asciiOpticaldefaultJ/ApJ/906/72/table2Parameters of superflares on solar-type starsrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintKICKepler Input Catalog identifiermeta.id;meta.mainintTeff[5102/5988] Effective temperature (1)Kphys.temperature.effectiveinte_Teff[105/210] Uncertainty in Teff (1)Kstat.error;phys.temperature.effectiveintRstar[0.49/1.53] Stellar radius (1)solRadphys.size.radiusfloatE_Rstar[0.03/0.2] Upper uncertainty in Rstar (1)solRadstat.error;stat.maxfloate_Rstar[0.03/0.2] Lower uncertainty in Rstar (1)solRadstat.errorfloatProt[0.24/40.1] Rotation period (2)dtime.periodfloate_Prot[0/9] Error in Prot (2)dstat.errorfloatAmp[1210/95065] Average variability amplitude within 1 period (2)meta.notedoubleKemag[9.91/16.1] Kepler band magnitude (3)magphot.magfloatAspot[0.0008/0.13] Area of the starspots, 2{pi}xRsun^2^solRad**2phys.areafloatDate[54954/56424] Date of flare peak; BJD-2400000dtime.epochdoubleDur[0.04/0.33] Duration of flaredtime.durationfloatE[4.2e+32/9.6e+35] Bolometric flare energy, ergs1e-07Jphys.magAbs.bolfloatFlagSuspicious flag (4)meta.code.errorcharSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlchar_RAPosition from SIMBAD (right ascension part)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEPosition from SIMBAD (declination part)degpos.eq.dec;meta.main