J/ApJ/905/145ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/905/145doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.19050145CDSKasliwal M.M.Anand S.Ahumada T.Stein R.Sagues Carracedo A.,Andreoni I.Coughlin M.W.Singer L.P.Kool E.C.De K.Kumar H.,AlMualla M.Yao Y.Bulla M.Dobie D.Reusch S.Perley D.A.Cenko S.B.,Bhalerao V.Kaplan D.L.Sollerman J.Goobar A.Copperwheat C.M.,Bellm E.C.Anupama G.C.Corsi A.Nissanke S.Agudo I.Bagdasaryan A.,Barway S.Belicki J.Bloom J.S.Bolin B.Buckley D.A.H.Burdge K.B.,Burruss R.Caballero-Garcia M.D.Cannella C.Castro-Tirado A.J.,Cook D.O.Cooke J.Cunningham V.Dahiwale A.Deshmukh K.Dichiara S.,Duev D.A.Dutta A.Feeney M.Franckowiak A.Frederick S.Fremling C.,Gal-Yam A.Gatkine P.Ghosh S.Goldstein D.A.Golkhou V.Z.Graham M.J.,Graham M.L.Hankins M.J.Helou G.Hu Y.Ip W.-H.Jaodand A.,Karambelkar V.Kong A.K.H.Kowalski M.Khandagale M.Kulkarni S.R.,Kumar B.Laher R.R.Li K.L.Mahabal A.Masci F.J.Miller A.A.,Mogotsi M.Mohite S.Mooley K.Mroz P.Newman J.A.Ngeow C.-C.,Oates S.R.Patil A.S.Pandey S.B.Pavana M.Pian E.Riddle R.,Sanchez-Ramirez R.Sharma Y.Singh A.Smith R.Soumagnac M.T.,Taggart K.Tan H.Tzanidakis A.Troja E.Valeev A.F.Walters R.,Waratkar G.Webb S.Yu P.-C.Zhang B.-B.Zhou R.Zolkower J.2022-09-05T13:46:50Z2022-08-09T07:53:16ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frgravitational-wavesneutron-starsblack-holesredshiftedinfrared-photometryvisible-astronomybroad-band-photometryWe present a systematic search for optical counterparts to 13 gravitational wave (GW) triggers involving at least one neutron star during LIGO/Virgo's third observing run (O3). We searched binary neutron star (BNS) and neutron star black hole (NSBH) merger localizations with the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) and undertook follow-up with the Global Relay of Observatories Watching Transients Happen (GROWTH) collaboration. The GW triggers had a median localization area of 4480deg^2^, a median distance of 267Mpc, and false-alarm rates ranging from 1.5 to 10^-25^yr^-1^. The ZTF coverage in the g and r bands had a median enclosed probability of 39%, median depth of 20.8mag, and median time lag between merger and the start of observations of 1.5hr. The O3 follow-up by the GROWTH team comprised 340 UltraViolet/Optical/InfraRed (UVOIR) photometric points, 64 OIR spectra, and three radio images using 17 different telescopes. We find no promising kilonovae (radioactivity-powered counterparts), and we show how to convert the upper limits to constrain the underlying kilonova luminosity function. Initially, we assume that all GW triggers are bona fide astrophysical events regardless of false-alarm rate and that kilonovae accompanying BNS and NSBH mergers are drawn from a common population; later, we relax these assumptions. Assuming that all kilonovae are at least as luminous as the discovery magnitude of GW170817 (-16.1mag), we calculate that our joint probability of detecting zero kilonovae is only 4.2%. If we assume that all kilonovae are brighter than -16.6mag (the extrapolated peak magnitude of GW170817) and fade at a rate of 1 mag day-1 (similar to GW170817), the joint probability of zero detections is 7%. If we separate the NSBH and BNS populations based on the online classifications, the joint probability of zero detections, assuming all kilonovae are brighter than -16.6mag, is 9.7% for NSBH and 7.9% for BNS mergers. Moreover, no more than <57% (<89%) of putative kilonovae could be brighter than -16.6mag assuming flat evolution (fading by 1 mag day-1) at the 90% confidence level. If we further take into account the online terrestrial probability for each GW trigger, we find that no more than <68% of putative kilonovae could be brighter than -16.6mag. Comparing to model grids, we find that some kilonovae must have M_ej_<0.03M_{sun}_, X_lan_>10^-4^, or {phi}>30{deg} to be consistent with our limits. We look forward to searches in the fourth GW observing run; even 17 neutron star mergers with only 50% coverage to a depth of -16mag would constrain the maximum fraction of bright kilonovae to <25%.2020ApJ...905..145Khttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJ/905/145CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toVII/285 : Gaia DR2 quasar and galaxy classification (Bailer-Jones+, 2019)V/154 : Sloan Digital Sky Surveys (SDSS), Release 16 (DR16) (Ahumada+, 2020)J/AJ/141/97 : SDSS DR7 M dwarfs (West+, 2011)J/ApJ/788/48 : X-ray through NIR photometry of NGC 2617 (Shappee+, 2014)J/ApJ/806/52 : 8 Fermi GRB afterglows follow-up (Singer+, 2015)J/A+A/593/A68 : PTF12os & iPTF13bvn spectra and light curves (Fremling+, 2016)J/ApJ/848/L29 : Opt. follow-up of GW170817 counterpart (Diaz+, 2017)J/ApJ/848/L16 : Counterpart of GW170817. I. DECam obs. (Soares-Santos+, 2017)J/ApJS/234/23 : The WISE AGN candidates catalogs (Assef+, 2018)J/other/Sci/362.201 : iPTF 14gqr (SN 2014ft) photometry (De+, 2018)J/ApJ/880/7 : Census of the Local Universe survey. I. CLU-Ha (Cook+, 2019)J/A+A/631/A147 : Transient processing and analysis using AMPEL (Nordin+, 2019)J/ApJ/886/152 : ZTF early observations of Type Ia SNe. I. LCs (Yao+, 2019)J/ApJ/890/131 : Follow-up of cand. counterparts of S190814bv (Andreoni+, 2020)J/ApJ/895/32 : Zwicky Transient Facility BTS. I. (Fremling+, 2020)http://www.wis-tns.org/ : Transient Name Server (TNS) home pagehttps://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/905/145https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/905/145http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/905/145https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/905/145https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/905/145http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/905/145GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJ/905/145/candidates (List of candidate counterparts to S190426c, S190901ap, S190910d, S190910h, S190923y, S190930t, S191205ah, S191213g and S200213t (Tables 2-10; data for S191213g reported in 2019GCN.26424....1A and 2019GCN.26437....1S))https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/905/145/candidates?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/905/145/candidates?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/905/145/candidates?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true325.900447977.83156340.0055555555555555566/521 524 663 899 907 959 2066 2140 2163 2206 2318 2335 2361 2367 2377 2390 2453 2456 2518 2664 2669 2677 2707 2715 2754 2805 2864 2885 2901 3202 3210 3592 4372 5153 5160 5264 6199 7146 9637 11417 12841 13422 13521 13954 14235 14257 14811 14818 14845 15130 15323 15653 15779 15899 15921 15936 15949 16140 16166 16220 16227 16304 16961 20469 20667 20907 21093 21097 21105 22790 22798 23420 27417 27544 27789 28350 30553-30554 31605 32250 32260 32298 35839https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJ/905/145?format=asciiOpticalInfrareddefaultJ/ApJ/905/145/table1Summary of ZTF follow-up of 13 gravitational wave (GW) triggers in LIGO/Virgo's third observing run (O3)P2[15.76/78.37]? Probability observed at least twice%stat.fit.goodnessfloatnullablerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintGWName of the sourcemeta.id;meta.maincharFARGW false-alarm rate (FAR)yr**-1time;arith.ratiocharPt[1/97] Probability that the event is terrestrial%stat.fit.goodnessintSize[23/24264] Total size of the GW localization regiondeg**2phys.angSizeintDist[108/632] GW median distanceMpcpos.distanceinte_Dist[38/186] Dist uncertaintyMpcstat.errorintClassMost probable GW classification (1)meta.code.classcharP1[22.21/88.57]? Probablity (2)%stat.fit.goodnessfloatnullableCov1[0.8/87] Coverage based on the BAYESTAR sky map (3)%phys.areafloatCov2[0.09/76.1] Coverage based on the BAYESTAR sky map (3)%phys.areafloatLag[0/13.73] Time lag between merger time and the start of ZTF observationshtime.intervalfloatDepth[17.9/21.5] Median depth (AB mag)magsrc.var.amplitudefloatE(B-V)[0.02/0.34] Median line-of-sight extinctionmagphot.color.excessfloatNcNumber of candidate counterparts for this sourcemeta.numberintJ/ApJ/905/145/candidatesList of candidate counterparts to S190426c, S190901ap, S190910d, S190910h, S190923y, S190930t, S191205ah, S191213g and S200213t (Tables 2-10; data for S191213g reported in 2019GCN.26424....1A and 2019GCN.26437....1S)RejRejection criteriameta.notef_Rej[d] Flag on Rej (only for Table 9) (1)meta.codecharz[0/1.3]? Host redshiftsrc.redshiftfloatnullablen_z[sp] s=spectroscopic or p=photometricmeta.notecharFilt[gri] Filtermeta.id;instr.filtercharmag[16.14/21.35] Discovery magnitudemagphot.magfloate_mag[0.03/19.7] Uncertainty on the magmagstat.error;phot.magfloatNpNumber of follow-up observations for this source (link to Tables 11-18)meta.numberintnullablerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintGWGravitational wave trigger ID in O3meta.id.parentcharNameZTF name of the sourcemeta.id;meta.maincharprimaryONameTNS namemeta.idcharRAJ2000[2/355.4] Rigth ascension (J2000)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000[-26.7/79.5] Declination (J2000)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainl_zLimit flag on zmeta.code.error;src.redshiftcharJ/ApJ/905/145/photFollow-up photometry for S190426c, S190901ap, S190910d, S190910h, S190930t, S191205ah, S191213g and S200213t (Tables 11-18)recnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintGWGravitational wave trigger ID in O3meta.id.parentcharNameZTF name of the sourcemeta.id;meta.maincharONameTNS namemeta.idcharJDJulian date of observationdtime.epochdoubleTelTelescope (1)meta.id;instr.telcharFilt[vbugrizw1m2 ] Filtermeta.id;instr.filtercharmag[17.29/24]? AB magnitudemagphot.magfloatnullablee_mag[0.01/0.6]? Uncertainty on the magmagstat.error;phot.magfloatnullableLim[17.2/26]? Limit magnitudemagphot.mag;stat.maxfloatnullable