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<ri:Resource created="2023-06-16T17:17:52Z" status="active" updated="2025-05-19T09:50:00Z" version="1.2" xmlns:cs="http://www.ivoa.net/xml/ConeSearch/v1.0" xmlns:ri="http://www.ivoa.net/xml/RegistryInterface/v1.0" xmlns:vr="http://www.ivoa.net/xml/VOResource/v1.0" xmlns:vs="http://www.ivoa.net/xml/VODataService/v1.1" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.ivoa.net/xml/ConeSearch/v1.0 http://vo.ari.uni-heidelberg.de/docs/schemata/ConeSearch.xsd http://www.ivoa.net/xml/VOResource/v1.0 http://vo.ari.uni-heidelberg.de/docs/schemata/VOResource.xsd http://www.ivoa.net/xml/VODataService/v1.1 http://vo.ari.uni-heidelberg.de/docs/schemata/VODataService.xsd" xsi:type="vs:CatalogService"><title>Abundances and ages of stars in the Milky Way bulge</title><shortName>J/ApJ/900/4</shortName><identifier>ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/900/4</identifier><altIdentifier>doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.19000004</altIdentifier><curation><publisher ivo-id="ivo://CDS">CDS</publisher><creator><name>Sit T.</name></creator><creator><name>Ness M.K.</name></creator><date role="Updated">2023-06-16T16:20:45Z</date><date role="Created">2023-06-16T17:17:52Z</date><contact><name>CDS support team</name><address>CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France</address><email>cds-question@unistra.fr</email></contact></curation><content><subject>stellar-ages</subject><subject>metallicity</subject><subject>galactic-center</subject><subject>milky-way-galaxy</subject><subject>effective-temperature</subject><subject>infrared-astronomy</subject><description>The age and chemical characteristics of the Galactic bulge link to the formation and evolutionary history of the Galaxy. Data-driven methods and large surveys enable stellar ages and precision chemical abundances to be determined for vast regions of the Milky Way, including the bulge. Here, we use the data-driven approach of The Cannon, to infer the ages and abundances for 125367 stars in the Milky Way, using spectra from Apache Point Observatory Galaxy Evolution Experiment (apogee) DR14. We examine the ages and metallicities of 1654 bulge stars within R_GAL_&lt;3.5kpc. We focus on fields with b&lt;12{deg}, and out to longitudes of l&lt;15{deg}. We see that stars in the bulge are about twice as old ({tau}=8Gyr), on average, compared to those in the solar neighborhood ({tau}=4Gyr), with a larger dispersion in [Fe/H] (~0.38 compared to 0.23dex). This age gradient comes primarily from the low-{alpha} stars. Looking along the Galactic plane, the very central field in the bulge shows by far the largest dispersion in [Fe/H] ({sigma}[Fe/H]~0.4dex) and line-of- sight velocity ({sigma}vr~90km/s), and simultaneously the smallest dispersion in age. Moving out in longitude, the stars become kinematically colder and less dispersed in [Fe/H], but show a much broader range of ages. We see a signature of the X-shape within the bulge at a latitude of b=8{deg}, but not at b=12{deg}. Future apogee and other survey data, with larger sampling, affords the opportunity to extend our approach and study in more detail, to place stronger constraints on models of the Milky Way.</description><source format="bibcode">2020ApJ...900....4S</source><referenceURL>https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJ/900/4</referenceURL><type>Catalog</type><contentLevel>Research</contentLevel><relationship><relationshipType>IsServedBy</relationshipType><relatedResource ivo-id="ivo://CDS.VizieR/TAP">TAP VizieR generic service</relatedResource></relationship><relationship><relationshipType>IsServedBy</relationshipType><relatedResource>Conesearch service</relatedResource></relationship><relationship><relationshipType>related-to</relationshipType><relatedResource ivo-id="ivo://CDS.VizieR/III/284">III/284 : APOGEE-2 data from DR16 (Johnsson+, 2020)</relatedResource><relatedResource ivo-id="ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/721/L28">J/ApJ/721/L28 : Red clump stars in Galactic Bulge from OGLE-III (Nataf+, 2010)</relatedResource><relatedResource ivo-id="ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/512/A41">J/A+A/512/A41 : Abundances of microlensed stars in the Bulge (Bensby+, 2010)</relatedResource><relatedResource ivo-id="ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/549/A147">J/A+A/549/A147 : Abundances of microlensed bulge dwarf stars. V. (Bensby+,2013)</relatedResource><relatedResource ivo-id="ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/808/16">J/ApJ/808/16 : The Cannon: new approach to determine abundances (Ness+,2015)</relatedResource><relatedResource ivo-id="ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/AJ/151/144">J/AJ/151/144 : ASPCAP weights for 15 APOGEE chemical elements (Garcia+,2016)</relatedResource><relatedResource ivo-id="ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/836/5">J/ApJ/836/5 : Abundances of LAMOST giants from APOGEE DR12 (Ho+, 2017)</relatedResource><relatedResource ivo-id="ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/605/A89">J/A+A/605/A89 : Abundances of microlensed Bulge dwarf stars VI. (Bensby+,2017)</relatedResource><relatedResource ivo-id="ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/865/68">J/ApJ/865/68 : Abundances for 79 Sun-like stars within 100pc (Bedell+, 2018)</relatedResource><relatedResource ivo-id="ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJS/239/32">J/ApJS/239/32 : APOKASC-2 catalog of Kepler evolved stars (Pinsonneault+,2018)</relatedResource></relationship></content><rights>https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.html</rights><capability><interface xsi:type="vr:WebBrowser"><accessURL use="full">https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/900/4</accessURL><mirrorURL title="VizieR at IUCAA: Pune, India">https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/900/4</mirrorURL><mirrorURL title="VizieR at SAAO: SAAO, South Africa">http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/900/4</mirrorURL></interface></capability><capability><interface xsi:type="vs:ParamHTTP"><accessURL 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15808 15837 15839 15842 15861 15873 15876-15877 15892-15893 15952-15953 16106-16107 16110-16111 16122 16129 16132 16215 16341 16343 16349 16638-16639 16830 16862 16884 16886-16887 16889 16892-16893 16977 16988-16989 17152 17154 17169 17180-17181 17218 17224 17671 17677-17679 17682 17688 17690 17701 17707 17710 17712-17713 17735 17741 17743 17746-17747 17750 17756 17758 17776-17777 17780 17801 17804-17805 18113 18115-18116 18119 18121 18123 18136 18413 18418-18419 18422 18670-18671 18682 18769-18772 18774 18776-18777 18779 19021 19032 19094-19095 19106-19109 19111 19118 19219 19225 19266 19272 19274 19456-19457 19459-19462 19627 19630-19631 19675 19685 19687 19693 19700 19702 19704-19705 19708 19763 19766-19767 19793 19857 19860-19861 19968-19969 19971 19977 19980-19981 19986 20365 20367 20382 20389 20391 20549 20551 20557 20568 20743 20754 20772-20773 20784-20785 20808-20809 20812-20813 20821 20851 20854-20855 20857 20859 20945 20981 21370-21371 21373 21375 21391 21425 21427 21432-21433 21435-21436 21438-21439 21444-21445 21447 21456-21458 21461 21464-21465 21473-21475 21504-21505 21531 21534-21535 21544 21546 21553 21555 21564-21565 21567 21600 21602 21608 21610-21611 21634-21635 21661 21670 21710 21736-21737 21740 21742-21743 21754 21857-21860 21862-21865 22016-22017 22019-22020 22022-22023 22025 22027 22034-22035 22052-22053 22055 22061 22063 22068-22069 22071 22081-22083 22088 22090 22092-22093 22095-22096 22098 22104 22106-22107 22117 22119-22122 22124-22125 22132 22134 22136-22137 22139 22142-22145 22149 22176-22177 22179 22193 22216-22217 22219 22233 22242-22243 22245-22247 22256 22259 22264 22266 22269-22271 22313-22315 22330 22369-22371 22377 22380-22382 22386 22392 22400-22401 22403 22410 22416 22493-22495 22497-22499 22502 22690-22691 22710-22711 22713-22715 22717-22719 22760 22762 22801 22857 22866-22867 22870-22871 22895 22897 22900-22901 22903 22910 22981 22996 22998 23045 23047 23053 23060-23062 23064-23065 23068 23099 23104 23146-23147 23196-23198 23201 23203 23212-23213 23215 23220 23232 23234 23240 23296-23297 23300 23463 23468-23469 23471-23472 23474-23475 23545-23547 23550-23551 23562-23563 23566 23572-23573 23581 23583 23588 23590 23592-23593 23596 23616 23618-23619 23628-23630 23644-23646 23648-23649 23651-23652 23654-23655 23657 23659 23668 23670-23674 23676-23677 23679 23695 23706-23707 23716-23717 23719 23732-23733 23735 23743 23748-23749 23751 23762-23763 23765-23767 23772-23773 23775 23781 23785-23790 23798 23804 23806-23807 23814 23816-23817 23822-23823 23841-23843 23852-23853 23855-23858 23864 23866-23867 23869-23871 23873 23876 23882 23904 23906 23918 23949 23952-23954 23957 23959-23960 23962-23963 23966-23967 23972 23974-23975 23980-23982 23993 23995-23996 23998-23999 24009-24011 24018-24020 24022-24025 24027 24033 24035-24038 24042 24051 24057 24069 24071 24080-24081 24083-24084 24086 24094-24095 24121 24124 24128-24129 24131 24134 24144-24145 24147-24148 24150-24151 24153 24155 24222-24223 24253 24266-24267 24276-24277 24279 24292-24293 24295-24296 24304-24306 24309 24317 24319 24321 24323 24354 24360-24362 24376-24378 24381 24383-24384 24386 24394-24395 24429-24431 24434-24435 24438 24444 24446 24448 24450-24451 24453 24455 24461 24463 24476 24486-24487 24492-24494 24500 24502 24508 24510 24516 24518 24524 24526-24529 24532 24548-24550 24553-24555 25207 25213 25215 25325 25327 25342 25348 25350-25351 25356-25358 25376 25378-25379 25382 25388-25389 25391 25406 25477 25492 25494 25589-25591 25594-25597 25605 25607 25620 25624-25625 25842-25843 25852 25854-25855 25998 26025 26034 26040 26058 26061 26063 26078 26080-26082 26085 26100 26135 26139 26141 26168-26169 26171-26174 26182 26188 26190 26192-26193 26196-26197 26241 26243 26249 26258 26264 26266-26267 26276-26277 26279 26288-26290 26542 26549 26551 26557 26559 26570-26571 26596 26598 26604 26606 26653 26655 26677 26679 26693 26695 26702 26708 26724 26741 26890-26891 26894 26916-26918 26920-26921 26923-26924 26935 26951 26966-26967 26978 26993 26996-26997 27001-27004 27006-27007 27014 27016-27017 27020 27022-27023 27026 27029 27045 27056 27072-27073 27128-27129 27131-27134 27168 27170 27176 27227-27228 27230-27231 27249 27402 27424 27426 27478-27479 27481 27483 27505 27508-27509 27519 27605 27607 27619 27628-27629 27636 27638 27640-27642 27644 27656 27658 27667 27673 27675 27680 27714 27720 27771 27857 27859 27867-27870 27896-27897 27899 27905 27907 27913 27916-27918 27920 27922 27938 27968-27969 28032-28034 28064 28066-28067 28119 28123 28125-28127 28138-28139 28142 28145 28147 28168 28170 28192 28202-28203 28241 28243 28252-28253 28269-28271 28286 28292 28294-28297 28299-28300 28302 28321 28323 28329 28336 28338 28340-28341 28343-28344 28355 28372 28384-28386 28416 28418 28424 28462-28463 28474 28484-28486 28489 28492 28545 28547 28556 28560 28618-28619 28622 28625 28627 28633 28635 28644 28646 28648-28649 28652 28727 28732-28733 28735 28764-28765 28770 28774-28775 28792 28813 28815 28819 28824 28826-28827 28837-28839 28842-28843 28868 28870-28871 28876-28877 28888-28889 28915 28921 28923-28926 28929 28932 28941 28943 28952 29070-29071 29082 29097 29099 29104 29106 29110-29111 29154 29160 29162-29163 29165-29167 29178-29179 29181-29185 29187 29199-29201 29203 29210-29213 29221 29230-29233 29242 29248 29250 29254 29256-29257 29259 29265 29274 29284-29285 29287 29296 29298 29328 29441 29443 29456-29457 29459 29465 29513 29515-29518 29537 29540-29541 29548 29550-29551 29561 29563 29621-29623 29629 29631-29633 29635-29638 29670 29692 29694-29695 29735 29746 29802 29828-29829 29840-29841 29845 29847 29869-29871 29880 29882-29883 29892 29894 29896-29897 29899-29901 29903 29906-29907 29916 29918 29936-29937 29940 29951 30023 30029 30031 30034-30035 30037 30044 30046 30064-30065 30068 30122 30141 30143 30178 30190-30191 30202-30203 30234 30240-30241 30243 30252 30254 30264-30265 30267-30270 30299 30301-30303 30307 30310 30312-30313 30315-30316 30318-30319 30321 30323 30330-30334 30345 30380-30381 30383 30389 30391 30397 30401 30404-30405 30410 30415 30426-30428 30440-30441 30444 30452 30454 30456-30457 30472-30474 30485 30496 30498 30515 30524-30525 30527 30532-30533 30535 30548 30550 30552-30553 30556 30560 30562-30563 30568-30570 30640-30641 30643-30646 30675 30677-30679 30681 30683 30691-30693 30697 30700-30701 30706-30707 30710-30711 30880-30881 30883 30941 30943 30966-30967 31056-31057 31059-31062 31106-31107 31116 31118 31137-31140 31317 31372 31374-31375 31392-31393 31395 31404-31405 31407 31414 31420 31422 31445-31447 31452-31453 31455 31488-31489 31580 31582-31583 31600-31601 31603 31745 31747 31753 31760 31762 31766-31769 31771 31793 31796-31797 31799 31816 31818 31840 32005-32007 32012-32013 32029 32031 32041-32043 32053 32058 32066 32071 32077-32079 32082-32083 32086 32092 32094 32112-32113 32129 32131 32144-32145 32147 32153 32451 32457 32464 32466 32472 32474 32478-32479 32497 32499 32505 32508-32509 32511 32672 32674 32680 32683 32686 32699 32701-32703 32744 32746-32747 36343 36349-36351 36439 36445 36447 36517-36519 36521 36530 36536 36538 36611 36620 36641 36649 36651 36654-36655 36736-36737 36739 36752 36773-36775 36780-36781 36784 36786 36792 36794 39915 39918-39919 39933 39935 40610-40611 40622 40625 40627 40633 40655 40666-40667 40670 40674 40677 40679-40680 40692 40694 40696-40697 40737-40740 40742-40743 40798-40799 40817 40819 40825 40828-40829 44719 44730-44731 44957-44959 44981 44983 45000 45002-45003 48033-48036 48038-48041 48043 48056 48058 49143 49149 49151</spatial><footprint ivo-id="ivo://ivoa.net/std/moc">https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJ/900/4?format=ascii</footprint><waveband>Infrared</waveband></coverage><tableset><schema><name>default</name><table><name>J/ApJ/900/4/table3</name><description>Table of results</description><column><name>SimbadName</name><description>Simbad column added by the CDS</description><ucd>meta.id</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType" arraysize="23*">char</dataType><flag>nullable</flag></column><column><name>[K/Fe]</name><description>[-930/0.79]? Abundance, [K/Fe] from The Cannon (1)</description><ucd>phys.abund</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">double</dataType><flag>nullable</flag></column><column><name>e_[K/Fe]</name><description>[0.001/0.03]? Uncertainty in [K/Fe] (1)</description><ucd>stat.error;phys.abund</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType><flag>nullable</flag></column><column><name>[Ca/Fe]</name><description>[-587/0.38] Abundance, [Ca/Fe] from The Cannon</description><ucd>phys.abund</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">double</dataType></column><column><name>e_[Ca/Fe]</name><description>[0.001/0.02]? Uncertainty in [Ca/Fe]</description><ucd>stat.error;phys.abund</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType><flag>nullable</flag></column><column><name>[Mn/Fe]</name><description>[-942/0.5] Abundance, [Mn/Fe] from The Cannon</description><ucd>phys.abund</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">double</dataType></column><column><name>e_[Mn/Fe]</name><description>[0.001/0.02]? Uncertainty in [Mn/Fe]</description><ucd>stat.error;phys.abund</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType><flag>nullable</flag></column><column><name>Age</name><description>[-3020/5.88] log, Age from The Cannon</description><unit>log(Myr)</unit><ucd>time.age</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">double</dataType></column><column><name>e_Age</name><description>[0.004/0.2]? Uncertainty in logage</description><unit>log(Myr)</unit><ucd>stat.error;time.age</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType><flag>nullable</flag></column><column><name>Chi2</name><description>[966/6.2e+19] {chi}^2^ of the fit</description><ucd>stat.fit.param;meta.modelled</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">double</dataType></column><column><name>_RA</name><description>Positions from 2MASS names (right ascension part)</description><unit>deg</unit><ucd>pos.eq.ra;meta.main</ucd><flag>indexed</flag></column><column><name>_DE</name><description>Positions from 2MASS names (declination part)</description><unit>deg</unit><ucd>pos.eq.dec;meta.main</ucd><flag>indexed</flag></column><column><name>recno</name><description>Record number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.</description><ucd>meta.record</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">int</dataType></column><column><name>ID</name><description>2MASS position based identifier</description><ucd>meta.id;meta.main</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType" arraysize="18*">char</dataType></column><column><name>alpha</name><description>alpha: high or low (1)</description><ucd>meta.code</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType" arraysize="4*">char</dataType></column><column><name>Teff</name><description>[-2419915/5663] Effective temperature from The Cannon</description><unit>K</unit><ucd>phys.temperature.effective</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">double</dataType></column><column><name>e_Teff</name><description>[0.9/31]? Uncertainty in Teff</description><unit>K</unit><ucd>stat.error;phys.temperature.effective</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType><flag>nullable</flag></column><column><name>logg</name><description>[-4159/4.47] log Surface Gravity from The Cannon</description><unit>log(cm.s**-2)</unit><ucd>phys.gravity</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">double</dataType></column><column><name>e_logg</name><description>[0.004/0.08]? Uncertainty in logg</description><unit>log(cm.s**-2)</unit><ucd>stat.error</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType><flag>nullable</flag></column><column><name>[Fe/H]</name><description>[-2848/0.79] Abundance, [Fe/H] from The Cannon</description><ucd>phys.abund.Fe</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">double</dataType></column><column><name>e_[Fe/H]</name><description>[0.001/0.03]? Uncertainty in [Fe/H]</description><ucd>stat.error;phys.abund.Fe</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType><flag>nullable</flag></column><column><name>[C/Fe]</name><description>[-790/0.78] Abundance, [C/Fe] from The Cannon</description><ucd>phys.abund</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">double</dataType></column><column><name>e_[C/Fe]</name><description>[0.002/0.04]? Uncertainty in [C/Fe]</description><ucd>stat.error;phys.abund</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType><flag>nullable</flag></column><column><name>[N/Fe]</name><description>[-1160/1.53] Abundance, [N/Fe] from The Cannon</description><ucd>phys.abund</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">double</dataType></column><column><name>e_[N/Fe]</name><description>[0.002/0.04]? Uncertainty in [N/Fe]</description><ucd>stat.error;phys.abund</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType><flag>nullable</flag></column><column><name>[O/Fe]</name><description>[-817/0.51] Abundance, [O/Fe] from The Cannon</description><ucd>phys.abund</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">double</dataType></column><column><name>e_[O/Fe]</name><description>[0.001/0.03]? Uncertainty in [O/Fe]</description><ucd>stat.error;phys.abund</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType><flag>nullable</flag></column><column><name>[Mg/Fe]</name><description>[-668/0.49] Abundance, [Mg/Fe] from The Cannon</description><ucd>phys.abund</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">double</dataType></column><column><name>e_[Mg/Fe]</name><description>[0.001/0.02]? Uncertainty in [Mg/Fe]</description><ucd>stat.error;phys.abund</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType><flag>nullable</flag></column><column><name>[Al/Fe]</name><description>[-1051/0.86] Abundance [Al/Fe] from The Cannon</description><ucd>phys.abund</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">double</dataType></column><column><name>e_[Al/Fe]</name><description>[0.001/0.04]? Uncertainty in [Al/Fe]</description><ucd>stat.error;phys.abund</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType><flag>nullable</flag></column><column><name>[Si/Fe]</name><description>[-782/0.39] Abundance, [Si/Fe] from The Cannon</description><ucd>phys.abund</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">double</dataType></column><column><name>e_[Si/Fe]</name><description>[0.001/0.02]? Uncertainty in [Si/Fe]</description><ucd>stat.error;phys.abund</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType><flag>nullable</flag></column></table></schema></tableset></ri:Resource>