J/ApJ/900/118ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/900/118doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.19000118CDSNeugent K.F.Levesque E.M.Massey P.Morrell N.I.Drout M.R.2022-09-30T21:21:08Z2022-01-20T12:21:43ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frmagellanic-cloudssupergiant-starsmultiple-starsb-starsstellar-spectral-typesinfrared-photometryvisible-astronomyWide-band photometrytwo-color-diagramsstellar-radiieffective-temperatureThe binary fraction of unevolved massive stars is thought to be 70%-100% but there are few observational constraints on the binary fraction of the evolved version of a subset of these stars, the red supergiants (RSGs). Here we identify a complete sample of RSGs in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) using new spectroscopic observations and archival UV, IR, and broadband optical photometry. We find 4090 RSGs with logL/L_{sun}_>3.5, with 1820 of them having logL/L_{sun}_>4, which we believe is our completeness limit. We additionally spectroscopically confirmed 38 new RSG + B-star binaries in the LMC, bringing the total known up to 55. We then estimated the binary fraction using a k-nearest neighbors algorithm that classifies stars as single or binary based on photometry with a spectroscopic sample as a training set. We take into account observational biases such as line-of-sight stars and binaries in eclipse while also calculating model- dependent corrections for RSGs with companions that our observations were not designed to detect. Based on our data, we find an initial result of 13.5_-6.67_^+7.56^% for RSGs with O- or B-type companions. Using the Binary Population and Spectral Synthesis models to correct for unobserved systems, this corresponds to a total RSG binary fraction of 19.5_-6.7_^+7.6^% . This number is in broad agreement with what we would expect given an initial OB binary distribution of 70%, a predicted merger fraction of 20%-30%, and a binary interaction fraction of 40%-50%.2020ApJ...900..118Nhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJ/900/118CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toII/246 : 2MASS All-Sky Catalog of Point Sources (Cutri+ 2003)I/345 : Gaia DR2 (Gaia Collaboration, 2018)I/347 : Distances to 1.33 billion stars in Gaia DR2 (Bailer- Jones+, 2018)J/A+A/333/231 : O-M stars model atmospheres (Bessell+ 1998)J/AJ/123/855 : Magellanic Clouds Photometric Survey: SMC (Zaritsky+, 2002)J/AJ/128/1606 : Magellanic Clouds Photometric Survey: LMC (Zaritsky+, 2004)J/AJ/133/2393 : UBVRI phot. in 7 Local Group dwarfs galaxies (Massey+, 2007)J/ApJ/703/441 : Yellow supergiants in M31 (Drout+, 2009)J/ApJ/703/420 : Red supergiants in M31 (Massey+, 2009)J/AJ/140/416 : IR photometry of massive stars in the SMC (Bonanos+, 2010)J/AJ/142/103 : Cool evolved stars in SAGE-SMC and SAGE-LMC (Boyer+, 2011)J/A+A/537/A146 : Stellar models with rotation; 0.8<M<120. (Ekstrom+, 2012)J/ApJ/759/11 : Wolf-Rayet content of M31 (Neugent+, 2012)J/ApJ/749/177 : Yellow and red supergiants in the LMC (Neugent+, 2012)J/other/Sci/337.444 : RV curves of Galactic massive O stars (Sana+, 2012)J/ApJ/758/133 : Metallicity profile of M31 HII regions & PNe (Sanders+, 2012)J/A+A/550/A107 : RV catalogue of O stars in 30 Doradus (Sana+, 2013)J/A+A/580/A93 : VLTS. B stars multiplicity (Dunstall+, 2015)J/A+A/586/A81 : High-mass X-ray binaries in the SMC (Haberl+, 2016)J/A+A/618/A137 : MC cool supergiants spectra (Dorda+, 2018)J/A+A/616/A12 : Gaia DR2 sources in GC and dSph (Gaia Collaboration+, 2018)J/ApJ/863/181 : The fifth catalog of LMC Wolf-Rayet stars (Neugent+, 2018)J/A+A/629/A134 : Radiative contribution from stripped stars (Goetberg+, 2019)J/A+A/629/A91 : A source catalog for the SMC (Yang+, 2019)J/ApJ/875/124 : Binary red supergiants. II. B-type companions (Neugent+, 2019)J/ApJ/889/44 : UKIRT obs. of red supergiants in M31 (Neugent+, 2020)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/900/118https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/900/118http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/900/118https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/900/118https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/900/118http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/900/118GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJ/900/118/table2 (Red supergiant (RSG) content of the LMC)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/900/118/table2?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/900/118/table2?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/900/118/table2?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true69.904975-68.941008330.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJ/900/118/table3 (Spectroscopically observed SMC stars)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/900/118/table3?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/900/118/table3?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/900/118/table3?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true11.90369167-73.078938890.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJ/900/118/table6 (Comparison of physical properties)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/900/118/table6?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/900/118/table6?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/900/118/table6?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true70.47570833-67.455611110.0055555555555555564/2068 5/8263 8268-8269 8276 8278 8280-8281 6/33046-33047 33049-33051 33081 33084-33085 33108-33110 33116 33118 33128-33129 33136-33137 33295 33306 33317 333288.650015785639275e-20 6.118840631666147e-19https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJ/900/118?format=asciiOpticalInfrareddefaultJ/ApJ/900/118/table2Red supergiant (RSG) content of the LMCrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintBinDisplay the likelihood of binarity (link to Table 4)meta.ref.urlintnullable2MASS2MASS Designation (HHMMSSss+DDMMSSs; J2000)meta.id;meta.maincharprimaryPDisplay the physical properties (link to Table 6)meta.ref.urlintnullableRAJ2000[4/5] Hour of Right Ascension (J2000)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000[65/72] Degree of Declination (J2000)pos.eq.dec;meta.mainKsmag[6.6/12] 2MASS Ks magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.Kfloate_Ksmag[0.016/0.06] Ksmag errormagstat.error;phot.magfloatJ-Ks[0.79/1.65] 2MASS J-Ks color indexmagphot.color;em.IR.J;em.IR.Kfloate_J-Ks[0.025/0.092] J-Ks errormagstat.error;phot.color;em.IR.JfloatFgaia[0/2]? Membership based upon Gaia (1)meta.code.memberintnullableFsp[0/3]? Spectroscopy obtained (2)meta.codeintnullableAv[0.75/3.37] Adopted V-band extinctionmagphys.absorptionfloatTeff[3450/4400] Effective temperature (3)Kphys.temperature.effectiveintlogLum[3.52/5.59] Log luminosity (4)log(solLum)phys.luminosityfloatZ04Display data from Zaritsky+, 2004, J/AJ/128/1606 within 1"meta.ref.urlcharJ/ApJ/900/118/table3Spectroscopically observed SMC starsSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordint2MASS2MASS Designation (HHMMSSss+DDMMSSs; J2000)meta.id;meta.maincharRAJ2000[0/1] Hour of Right Ascension (J2000)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000[71/73] Degree of Declination (J2000)pos.eq.dec;meta.mainKsmag[8.3/10.4] 2MASS Ks magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.Kfloate_Ksmag[0.019/0.026] Ksmag errormagstat.error;phot.magfloatJ-Ks[0.85/1.15] 2MASS J-Ks color indexmagphot.color;em.IR.J;em.IR.Kfloate_J-Ks[0.029/0.04] J-Ks errormagstat.error;phot.color;em.IR.JfloatUmag[13.46/16.07]? U band magnitude (Zaritsky+ 2002, J/AJ/123/855)magphot.mag;em.opt.UfloatnullableBmag[13.88/15.55]? B band magnitude (Zaritsky+ 2002, J/AJ/123/855)magphot.mag;em.opt.BfloatnullableVmag[11.87/14.06] V band magnitude (Zaritsky+ 2002, J/AJ/123/855)magphot.mag;em.opt.VfloatClassClassificationsrc.classcharTeff[3525/4050] Effective temperature, RSG componentKphys.temperature.effectiveinte_Teff[25/100] Uncertainty in TeffKstat.error;phys.temperature.effectiveintSpTType, RSG componentsrc.spTypecharZ02Display data from Zaritsky+, 2002, J/AJ/123/855 within 1"meta.ref.urlcharJ/ApJ/900/118/table4Percent likelihood of binarity from erratum published in 2020, ApJ, 905, 832MASS2MASS Designation (HHMMSSss+DDMMSSs; J2000)meta.id;meta.maincharBmag[11.75/22.77]? B band magnitude (Zaritsky+ 2004, J/AJ/128/1606)magphot.mag;em.opt.BfloatnullableVmag[11.02/19.7] V band magnitude (Zaritsky+ 2004, J/AJ/128/1606)magphot.mag;em.opt.VfloatImag[8.85/14.93]? I band magnitude (Zaritsky+ 2004, J/AJ/128/1606)magphot.mag;em.opt.IfloatnullableU-B[-3.97/6.87]? U-B color indexmagphot.color;em.opt.U;em.opt.BfloatnullableB-V[-2.74/5.99]? B-V color indexmagphot.color;em.opt.B;em.opt.VfloatnullableFnuv[0/4]? Galex NUV brightness flag (1)meta.codeintnullableFsp[0/1] Spectra obtained (0=no spectra; 1=spectra)meta.codeintBin[0/100] Percent Likelihood of Binarity%stat.likelihoodintrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintUmag[10.74/22.39]? U band magnitude (Zaritsky+ 2004, J/AJ/128/1606)magphot.mag;em.opt.UfloatnullableJ/ApJ/900/118/table6Comparison of physical propertiesrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordint2MASS2MASS Designation (HHMMSSss+DDMMSSs; J2000)meta.id;meta.maincharRAJ2000[4/5] Hour of Right Ascension (J2000)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharDEJ2000[65/71] Degree of Declination (J2000)pos.eq.dec;meta.mainVmag[11.62/13.96] V band magnitude (Zaritsky+ 2004, J/AJ/128/1606)magphot.mag;em.opt.VfloatKsmag[7.2/9.9] 2MASS Ks magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.KfloatClassClassificationsrc.classcharAv1[0.75/1.43]? V-band extinction derived from photometrymagphys.absorptionfloatnullableTeff1[3450/4150]? Effective temperature derived from photometry (1)Kphys.temperature.effectiveintnullablelogLum1[4.36/5.4]? Log luminosity, solar units, derived from photometrylog(solLum)phys.luminosityfloatnullableAv2[0.01/1.43] V-band extinction adopted from photometry for the binariesmagphys.absorptionfloatTeff2[3475/4000] Effective temperature derived from spectroscopy (2)Kphys.temperature.effectiveintlogLum2[4.26/5.27] Log luminosity derived from spectroscopylog(solLum)phys.luminosityfloatRstar[310/1160] Radius derived from spectroscopysolRadphys.size.radiusintSpTSpectral type derived from spectroscopysrc.spTypechar2MDisplay the 2MASS data (II/246)meta.ref.urlcharZ04Display data from Zaritsky+, 2004, J/AJ/128/1606 within 1"meta.ref.urlchar