J/ApJ/889/74ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/889/74doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.18890074CDSMeisner A.M.Caselden D.Kirkpatrick J.D.Marocco F.Gelino C.R.,Cushing M.C.Eisenhardt P.R.M.Wright E.L.Faherty J.K.Koontz R.,Marchese E.J.Khalil M.Fowler J.W.Schlafly E.F.2023-01-09T12:34:07Z2021-11-10T15:28:12ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frbrown-dwarfsy-dwarfsinfrared-photometrystellar-spectral-typesproper-motionsWe present Spitzer 3.6 and 4.5{mu}m follow-up of 170 candidate extremely cool brown dwarfs newly discovered via the combination of Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) and NEOWISE imaging at 3-5{mu}m. CatWISE, a joint analysis of archival WISE and NEOWISE data, has improved upon the motion measurements of AllWISE by leveraging a >10x time baseline enhancement, from 0.5yr (AllWISE) to 6.5yr (CatWISE). As a result, CatWISE motion selection has yielded a large sample of previously unrecognized brown dwarf candidates, many of which have archival detections exclusively in the WISE 4.6{mu}m (W2) channel, suggesting that they could be both exceptionally cold and nearby. Where these objects go undetected in WISE W1 (3.4{mu}m), Spitzer can provide critically informative detections at 3.6{mu}m. Of our motion-confirmed discoveries, 17 have a best-fit Spitzer [3.6]-[4.5] color most consistent with spectral type Y. It is likely that CWISEP J144606.62-231717.8 ({mu}~1.3yr^-1^) is the reddest, and therefore potentially coldest, member of our sample with a very uncertain [3.6]-[4.5] color of 3.71+/-0.44mag. We also highlight our highest proper-motion discovery, WISEA J153429.75-104303.3, with {mu}~2.7yr^-1^. Given that the prior list of confirmed and presumed Y dwarfs consists of just 27 objects, the Spitzer follow-up presented in this work has substantially expanded the sample of identified Y dwarfs. Our new discoveries thus represent significant progress toward understanding the bottom of the substellar mass function, investigating the diversity of the Y dwarf population, and selecting optimal brown dwarf targets for James Webb Space Telescope spectroscopy.2020ApJ...889...74Mhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJ/889/74CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toII/319 : UKIDSS-DR9 LAS, GCS and DXS Surveys (Lawrence+ 2012)II/328 : AllWISE Data Release (Cutri+ 2013)II/359 : The VISTA Hemisphere Survey (VHS) catalog DR4.1 (McMahon+, 2013)II/343 : VIKING catalogue data release 2 (Edge+, 2016)II/357 : The Dark Energy Survey (DES): Data Release 1 (Abbott+, 2018)I/345 : Gaia DR2 (Gaia Collaboration, 2018)II/363 : The band-merged unWISE Catalog (Schlafly+, 2019)II/365 : The CatWISE2020 catalog (updated version 28-Jan-2021) (Marocco+, 2020)J/AJ/124/1190 : Northern high proper motion stars in DSS (Lepine+, 2002)J/other/ARA+A/43.195 : L and T dwarf stars (Kirkpatrick, 2005)J/ApJ/651/502 : Spitzer IRAC photometry of M, L, and T dwarfs (Patten+, 2006)J/AJ/137/1 : PMs and astrometry of late-type dwarfs (Faherty+, 2009)J/ApJS/197/19 : First brown dwarfs discovered by WISE (Kirkpatrick+, 2011)J/ApJS/201/19 : Hawaii Infrared Parallax Program. I. (Dupuy+, 2012)J/AJ/144/148 : IR photometry of brown dwarf and Hyper-LIRG (Griffith+, 2012)J/ApJ/753/156 : T/Y brown dwarfs with WISE photometry (Kirkpatrick+, 2012)J/ApJS/205/6 : T dwarf population revealed by WISE (Mace+, 2013)J/ApJ/783/122 : AllWISE motion survey (Kirkpatrick+, 2014)J/ApJ/781/4 : Phot. of high proper motion objects from WISE (Luhman, 2014)J/ApJ/792/30 : NEOWISE magnitudes for near-Earth objects (Mainzer+, 2014)J/ApJS/224/36 : The AllWISE motion survey (AllWISE2) (Kirkpatrick+, 2016)J/ApJ/817/112 : NEOWISE/AllWISE high proper motion objects (Schneider+, 2016)J/ApJ/867/109 : Spitzer observations of Y and T dwarfs (Martin+, 2018)J/ApJS/240/19 : Parallaxes of late-T and Y dwarfs (Kirkpatrick+, 2019)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/889/74https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/889/74http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/889/74https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/889/74https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/889/74http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/889/74GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJ/889/74/bdcand (WISE and Spitzer photometry (Table 1) and linear motion fitting results (Table 7))https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/889/74/bdcand?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/889/74/bdcand?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/889/74/bdcand?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true0.023891-70.81443130.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJ/889/74/table3 (WISE W2 positions used in joint WISE+Spitzer linear motion fits)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/889/74/table3?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/889/74/table3?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/889/74/table3?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true0.02595389-70.814036110.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJ/889/74/table4 (Recalibrated Spitzer ch2 positions)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/889/74/table4?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/889/74/table4?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/889/74/table4?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true0.02385537-70.814437520.0055555555555555566/19 78 262 316 319 356 429 542 571 1073 2137 2166 2599 2617 3477 3532 3824 3845 3884 3933 4256 4296 4336 4465 4578 4893 4898 5136 5647 5686 6025 6044 7048 7219 7231 7250 7578 7942 7985 8103 8444 8755 8910 9453 9964 10191 10472 10654 10711 11344 11786 12300 13360 13607 13698 13708-13709 13864 15193 15318 15802 16194 16551 16865 16982 17050 17258 17906 18547 18852 19172 19331 19836 20004 20472 20623 20870 20981 21366 21728 23125 23165 23403 23460 24231 24400 24795 25288 25741 25999 26460 27046 27384 27481 27570 27622 27636 28004 28494 28518 28589 29709 30488 30862 30944 31127 31146 31164 32341 32438 32932 33016 33416 33435 33482 33675 33837 33892 34117 34322 34354 34747 34892 35259 35371 36094 36359 36420 36451 36643 36736 36821 38504 38509 38760 38930 39018 39042 39714 40350 40986 41091 42986 43410 43600 43928 44093 44270 44426 44881 44930 45130 45426 45601 45645 46357 46478 46843 46854 47087 47386 47900 47947 48320 48353 48549 490843.9193497546148093e-20 1.6921341730348006e-19https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJ/889/74?format=asciiInfrareddefaultJ/ApJ/889/74/bdcandWISE and Spitzer photometry (Table 1) and linear motion fitting results (Table 7)SimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintNposNumber of W2 positions used (link to Table 3)meta.numberintnullableNIRDisplay NIR data for this source (link to Table 9)meta.ref.urlintnullableimgDisplay data for this motion-confirmed target with Spitzer imaging available (link to Table 11)meta.ref.urlintnullablerposDisplay the recalibrated Spitzer ch2 positions (link to Table 4)meta.ref.urlintnullableW1mag[15.71/19.42] WISE 3.4 micron band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.3-4umfloate_W1mag[0.02/0.6]? Uncertainty in W1magmagstat.error;phot.magfloatnullableW2mag[14.46/16.84] WISE 4.6 micron band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.4-8umfloate_W2mag[0.015/0.3] Uncertainty in W2magmagstat.error;phot.magfloatW1-W2[1.15/3.3] WISE (W1-W2) colormagphot.color;em.IR;em.IRfloate_W1-W2[0.025/0.6]? Uncertainty in W1-W2magstat.errorfloatnullable3.6mag[15.21/19.52]? Spitzer/IRAC 3.6um band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.3-4umfloatnullablee_3.6mag[0.016/0.5]? Uncertainty in 3.6magmagstat.errorfloatnullable4.5mag[14.43/18.01]? Spitzer/IRAC 4.5um band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.4-8umfloatnullablee_4.5mag[0.017/0.08]? Uncertainty in 4.5magmagstat.errorfloatnullable3.6-4.5[0.33/3.71]? Spitzer/IRAC 3.6-4.5 band colormagphot.color;em.IR;em.IRfloatnullablee_3.6-4.5[0.024/0.5]? Uncertainty in 3.6-4.5magstat.errorfloatnullableRA_ICRSRight Ascension in decimal degrees (ICRS) at Ep=MJDdegpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDE_ICRS[-84/79.6] Declination in decimal degrees (ICRS) at Ep=MJDdegpos.eq.dec;meta.maine_RA_ICRS[21/223] Uncertainty in RAdegmasstat.error;pos.eq.rainte_DE_ICRS[20/238] Uncertainty in DEdegmasstat.error;pos.eq.decintMJD[53261.59/58656.23] MJDdtime.epochdoublepmRA[-1254/1138] Proper motion along RAmas/yrpos.pm;pos.eq.rainte_pmRA[16/186] Uncertainty in pmRAmas/yrstat.error;pos.pm;pos.eq.raintpmDE[-2387/518] Proper motion along DEmas/yrpos.pm;pos.eq.decinte_pmDE[17/190] Uncertainty in pmDEmas/yrstat.error;pos.pm;pos.eq.decintpmTot[9/2697] Total proper motionmas/yrpos.pminte_pmTot[17/189] Uncertainty in pmTotmas/yrstat.errorintChi2MM[0.1/2684.6] Significance of motion metricstat.fit.goodnessfloatChi2[0.0/54.35]? Model {chi}^2^stat.param;meta.modelledfloatnullabledof[0/20] Number of degrees of freedommeta.numberintrChi2[0.0/14.92]? Reduced {chi}^2^ (4)meta.notefloatnullableCatWISEDisplay data from the CatWISE2020 catalog (II/365) within 5"meta.ref.urlintnullableNameSource identifiermeta.id;meta.maincharprimarym_Name[SN] Components on Namemeta.code.multipcharf_Name[b] Flag on Name (1)meta.codecharMotion?Motion confirmed? (yes=114 occurrences)meta.codecharl_W1magLimit flag on W1magmeta.code.errorcharf_W1mag[a] Flag on W1mag (1)meta.codecharl_W1-W2Limit flag on W1-W2meta.code.errorcharAORSpitzer AOR identifiermeta.id;obscharMethodSearch method (2)meta.codecharJ/ApJ/889/74/table3WISE W2 positions used in joint WISE+Spitzer linear motion fitsNameSource identifiermeta.id;meta.maincharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintRA_ICRSRight Ascension in decimal degrees (ICRS) (G1)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDE_ICRS[-84/79.6] Declination in decimal degrees (ICRS) (G1)degpos.eq.dec;meta.maine_RA_ICRS[94/2005] Uncertainty in RAdegmasstat.error;pos.eq.rainte_DE_ICRS[101/2048] Uncertainty in DEdegmasstat.error;pos.eq.decintTimeTime slice (1)meta.codecharMJD[55231.08/58315.04] Mean modified Julian Datedtime.epochdoubleJ/ApJ/889/74/table4Recalibrated Spitzer ch2 positionsNameSource identifiermeta.id;meta.maincharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintm_Name[SN] Components on Namemeta.code.multipcharAOR[3862272/68733952] Spitzer AOR identifiermeta.id;obsintRA_ICRSRight Ascension in decimal degrees (ICRS) (G1)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDE_ICRS[-84/79.6] Declination in decimal degrees (ICRS) (G1)degpos.eq.dec;meta.maine_RA_ICRS[21/145] Uncertainty in RAdegmasstat.error;pos.eq.rainte_DE_ICRS[20/131] Uncertainty in DEdegmasstat.error;pos.eq.decintMJD[52975.74/58711.09] Modified Julian Datedtime.epochdoubleMeth[1/9] Method number (1)meta.codeintNcal[5/92] Number of Gaia DR2 calibrators (2)meta.numberintJ/ApJ/889/74/table9NIR photometry from Gemini, Palomar, UKIRT, and VISTA for motion-confirmed targetsNameName of the sourcemeta.id;meta.maincharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintJmag[16.9/22.36]? MKO J-band magnitude (1)magphot.mag;em.IR.Jfloatnullablee_Jmag[0.01/0.6]? Uncertainty on the Jmagmagstat.error;phot.magfloatnullablef_JmagFlag on Jmagmeta.codecharr_JmagOrigin of Jmagmeta.ref;pos.framecharl_HmagLimit flag on Hmagmeta.code.errorcharHmag[18.01/19.79]? MKO H-band magnitude (1)magphot.mag;em.IR.Hfloatnullablee_Hmag[0.03/0.34]? Uncertainty on the Hmagmagstat.error;phot.magfloatnullabler_HmagOrigin of Hmagmeta.ref;pos.framecharl_KmagLimit flag on Kmagmeta.code.errorcharKmag[17.92/18.79]? MKO K band magnitude (1)magphot.mag;em.IR.Kfloatnullablee_Kmag[0.12/0.18]? Uncertainty on the Kmagmagstat.error;phot.magfloatnullabler_KmagOrigin of Kmagmeta.ref;pos.framecharl_KsmagLimit flag on Ksmagmeta.code.errorcharKsmag[17.39/18.99]? Ks-band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.Kfloatnullablee_Ksmag[0.07/0.38]? Uncertainty on the Ksmagmagstat.error;phot.magfloatnullabler_KsmagOrigin of Ksmagmeta.ref;pos.framecharl_JmagLimit flag on Jmagmeta.code.errorcharJ/ApJ/889/74/table11Derived properties for motion-confirmed targets with Spitzer imaging availableNameName of the sourcemeta.id;meta.maincharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintSpT[3.5/11] Spectral type (phototype) (1)src.spTypefloat4.5Mag[12.25/16.23] Spitzer/IRAC Ch2 (4.5um) band absolute magnitude (M_ch2_)magphys.magAbs;em.IR.4-8umfloate_4.5Mag[0.23/0.64]? Negative uncertainty on 4.5Magmagstat.errorfloatnullableE_4.5Mag[0.23/0.7]? Positive uncertainty on 4.5Magmagstat.error;stat.maxfloatnullableDist[8.3/124.8] Distancepcpos.distance;pos.heliocentricfloate_Dist[1.3/13.2]? Negative uncertainty on Distpcstat.errorfloatnullableE_Dist[1.5/14.6]? Positive uncertainty on Distpcstat.error;stat.maxfloatnullablel_TeffLimit flag on Teffmeta.code.error;phys.temperature.effectivecharTeff[341/1073]? Effective temperatureKphys.temperature.effectiveintnullablee_Teff[81/102]? Negative uncertainty on TeffKstat.error;phys.temperature.effectiveintnullableE_Teff[81/109]? Positive uncertainty on TeffKstat.error;stat.maxintnullableHch2[15.33/22.92] Reduced proper motion (H_ch2_)magphys.magAbs;em.IR.4-8umfloate_Hch2[0.05/0.41] Negative uncertainty on Hch2magstat.errorfloatE_Hch2[0.05/0.5] Positive uncertainty on Hch2magstat.error;stat.maxfloatl_VtanLimit flag on Vtanmeta.code.errorcharVtan[14/485] Tangential velocitykm/sphys.veloc.transverseinte_Vtan[3/76]? Negative uncertainty on Vtankm/sstat.errorintnullableE_Vtan[3/79]? Positive uncertainty on Vtankm/sstat.error;stat.maxintnullablel_SpT[>= ] Limit flag on SpTmeta.code.errorcharf_SpTFlag on SpTmeta.codecharl_DistLimit flag on Distmeta.code.errorchar