J/ApJ/888/89ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/888/89doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.18880089CDSToshikawa J.Malkan M.A.Kashikawa N.Overzier R.Uchiyama H.Ota K.,Ishikawa S.Ito K.2023-11-10T16:06:34Z2021-07-19T09:23:18ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frgalaxiesspectroscopyvisible-astronomyabsolute-magnitudeultraviolet-astronomyredshiftedline-intensitiesinfrared-photometryphotometryWe have carried out follow-up spectroscopy on three overdense regions of g- and r-dropout galaxies in the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope Legacy Survey Deep Fields, finding two new protoclusters at z=4.898 and 3.721 and a possible protocluster at z=3.834. The z=3.721 protocluster overlaps with a previously identified protocluster at z=3.675. The redshift separation between these two protoclusters is {Delta}z=0.05, which is slightly larger than the size of typical protoclusters. Therefore, if they are not the progenitors of a >10^15^M_{sun}_ halo, they would grow into closely located independent halos like a supercluster. The other protocluster at z=4.898 is also surrounded by smaller galaxy groups. These systems including protoclusters and neighboring groups are regarded as the early phase of superclusters. We quantify the spatial distribution of member galaxies of the protoclusters at z=3.675 and 3.721 by fitting triaxial ellipsoids, finding a tentative difference: one has a pancake-like shape, while the other is filamentary. This could indicate that these two protoclusters are in different stages of formation. We investigate the relation between redshift and the velocity dispersion of protoclusters, including other protoclusters from the literature, in order to compare their dynamical states. Although there is no significant systematic trend in the velocity dispersions of protoclusters with redshift, the distribution is skewed to higher velocity dispersion over the redshift range of z=2-6. This could be interpreted as two phases of cluster formation, one dominated by the steady accretion of galaxies and the other by the merging between group-size halos, perhaps depending on the surrounding large-scale environments.2020ApJ...888...89Thttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJ/888/89CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toB/cfht : Log of CFHT Exposures (CADC, 1979-)J/ApJ/621/673 : Line indices for 124 early-type galaxies (Thomas+, 2005)J/ApJS/167/1 : Galaxy groups and clusters from SDSS (Berlind+, 2006)J/ApJ/648/7 : z=6.5 Lya emitters in Subaru Deep Field (Kashikawa+, 2006)J/AJ/133/2222 : Clustering of high-redshift QSOs from SDSS (Shen+, 2007)J/A+A/461/823 : Candidate Ly{alpha} emitting galaxies (Venemans+, 2007)J/ApJ/754/83 : UV continuum for z~4-7 star-forming gal. (Bouwens+, 2012)J/MNRAS/429/3272 : REFLEX II flux-limited supercluster sample (Chon+, 2013)J/A+A/559/A2 : Redshifts toward MRC 0156-252 (Galametz+, 2013)J/ApJ/765/87 : Chandra obs. of the 2QZ Cluster 1004+00 (Lehmer+, 2013)J/MNRAS/436/275 : Relaxation param. of 2092 rich galaxy clusters (Wen+, 2013)J/ApJ/769/79 : Spitzer obs. of radio-loud AGNs (CARLA) (Wylezalek+, 2013)J/MNRAS/445/4073 : Two catalogues of superclusters (Chow-Martinez+, 2014)J/A+A/572/A41 : VUDS Dicovery of a high-z protocluster (Lemaux+, 2014)J/A+A/566/A1 : Flux- & volume-limited groups for SDSS gal. (Tempel+, 2014)J/ApJ/823/11 : Candidate Ly{alpha} emitting galaxies at z~3.8 (Dey+, 2016)J/ApJ/826/114 : z~3-6 protocl. in the CFHTLS deep fields (Toshikawa+, 2016)J/ApJ/833/194 : Group of gal. in gravitational lens fields (Wilson+, 2016)J/ApJ/845/172 : LAE cand. around bright Ly{alpha} blobs (Badescu+, 2017)J/ApJ/834/101 : Keck/MOSFIRE spectroscopy of ZFOURGE galaxies (Tran+, 2017)J/ApJ/859/38 : HST grism obs. of CARLA galaxy cluster cand. (Noirot+, 2018)J/MNRAS/473/1977 : Catalogue of the HAE sample in USS 1558 (Shimakawa+, 2018)J/ApJ/874/54 : X-ray sources in USS 1558-003 (Macuga+, 2019)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/888/89https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/888/89http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/888/89https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/888/89https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/888/89http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/888/89GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJ/888/89/targets (Overview of the three overdense regions targeted (Tables 1 and 2))https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/888/89/targets?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/888/89/targets?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/888/89/targets?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true36.18875-4.9323610.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJ/888/89/table3 (Observed properties of spectroscopically confirmed dropout galaxies)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/888/89/table3?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/888/89/table3?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/888/89/table3?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true36.1391667-4.96622220.0055555555555555566/17683 17689 48479 48501https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJ/888/89?format=asciiUVOpticalInfrareddefaultJ/ApJ/888/89/targetsOverview of the three overdense regions targeted (Tables 1 and 2)recnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintRegOverdense region IDmeta.id;meta.maincharprimaryRAJ2000Hour of right ascension (J2000)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Degree of declination (J2000)pos.eq.dec;meta.mainPopPopulationmeta.notecharSig[4.2/4.4] Overdensity at the peak in {sigma}stat.fit.goodnessfloatSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharDay2? Second day of observation if anydtime.epochintnullableNlbg[40/153] Number of dropout galaxies whithin 3' radius from the overdensity peak (1)meta.numberintT16Yes: also observed in T16 (Toshikawa+, 2016, J/ApJ/826/114)meta.codecharNt16[15/60]? Number of spectroscopically observed galaxies in T16 located within 3' radius from the overdensity peakmeta.numberintnullableDateDate of spectroscopic observation (UT)time.epochnullablegrismKeck/DEIMOS grismmeta.code;instr.filtercharExp[157/313] Exposure timemintime.duration;obs.exposureintSeeing[0.7/0.9] Seeingarcsecinstr.obsty.seeingfloatNobs[38/101] Number of observed galaxies (2)meta.numberintNprev[2/20]? Number of galaxies observed in previous observationsmeta.numberintnullableNdet[8/29] Number of spectroscopically detected galaxiesmeta.numberintJ/ApJ/888/89/table3Observed properties of spectroscopically confirmed dropout galaxiesSimbadNameSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.idcharnullableRegOverdense region IDmeta.id.part;meta.maincharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintID[1/52] Identifier within reg (1)meta.id.part;meta.mainintRAJ2000Hour of right ascension (J2000)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Degree of declination (J2000)pos.eq.dec;meta.mainimag[24.2/27.2] CFHT i-band AB magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.Ifloate_imag[0.01/0.2] Uncertainty on the imagmagstat.error;phot.magfloatz[3.6/5.5] Redshift (2)src.redshiftfloate_z[0.001] Negative uncertainty on zstat.error;src.redshiftfloatE_z[0.001/0.002] Positive uncertainty on zstat.error;stat.maxfloatUVMag[-22.1/-18.4] UV absolute magnitude, M_UV_ (3)magphys.magAbs;em.UVfloate_UVMag[0.02/0.4] Uncertainty on the UVMagmagstat.error;phot.magfloatFLya[1/84.5] Observed line flux, f_Ly{alpha}_phot.flux;spect.linefloate_FLya[0.2/3] FLya uncertaintystat.errorfloatLLya[0.16/10.4] Ly{alpha} luminosity, L_Ly{alpha}_phys.luminosity;em.UVfloate_LLya[0.05/0.4] LLya uncertaintystat.errorfloatEW0[3/183] Rest-frame Ly{alpha} equivalent width0.1nmspect.line.eqWidthfloate_EW0[0.3/76] EW0 uncertainty0.1nmstat.errorfloatSk[-2.2/11.1] The weighted skewness, S_w_stat.fit.paramfloate_Sk[0.3/11.2] Sk uncertaintystat.errorfloat