J/ApJ/882/138ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/882/138doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.18820138CDSDecarli R.Walter F.Gonzalez-Lopez J.Aravena M.Boogaard L.,Carilli C.Cox P.Daddi E.Popping G.Riechers D.Uzgil B.Weiss A.,Assef R.J.Bacon R.Bauer F.E.Bertoldi F.Bouwens R.Contini T.,Cortes P.C.da Cunha E.Diaz-Santos T.Elbaz D.Inami H.Hodge J.,Ivison R.Le Fevre O.Magnelli B.Novak M.Oesch P.Rix H.-W.,Sargent M.T.Smail I.Swinbank A.M.Somerville R.S.van der Werf P.,Wagg J.Wisotzki L.2021-07-05T08:30:01Z2021-03-08T08:37:56ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frgalaxiesspectroscopysurveysmillimeter-astronomysubmillimeter-astronomyredshiftedco-line-emissioninfrared-sourcesinterstellar-mediumWe use the results from the ALMA large program ASPECS, the spectroscopic survey in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field (HUDF), to constrain CO luminosity functions of galaxies and the resulting redshift evolution of {rho}(H_2_). The broad frequency range covered enables us to identify CO emission lines of different rotational transitions in the HUDF at z>1. We find strong evidence that the CO luminosity function evolves with redshift, with the knee of the CO luminosity function decreasing in luminosity by an order of magnitude from ~2 to the local universe. Based on Schechter fits, we estimate that our observations recover the majority (up to ~90%, depending on the assumptions on the faint end) of the total cosmic CO luminosity at z=1.0-3.1. After correcting for CO excitation, and adopting a Galactic CO-to-H_2_ conversion factor, we constrain the evolution of the cosmic molecular gas density {rho}(H_2_): this cosmic gas density peaks at z~1.5 and drops by a factor of 6.5_-1.4_^+1.8^ to the value measured locally. The observed evolution in {rho}(H_2_), therefore, closely matches the evolution of the cosmic star formation rate density {rho}SFR. We verify the robustness of our result with respect to assumptions on source inclusion and/or CO excitation. As the cosmic star formation history can be expressed as the product of the star formation efficiency and the cosmic density of molecular gas, the similar evolution of {rho}(H_2_) and {rho}SFR leaves only little room for a significant evolution of the average star formation efficiency in galaxies since z~3 (85% of cosmic history).2019ApJ...882..138Dhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJ/882/138CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toII/261 : GOODS initial results (Giavalisco+, 2004)III/250 : The VIMOS VLT deep survey (VVDS-DEEP) (Le Fevre+ 2005)J/AJ/112/1335 : Hubble Deep Field observations (Williams+ 1996)J/AJ/132/1729 : Hubble Ultra Deep Field BVI-dropout sources (Beckwith+, 2006)J/AJ/132/926 : Galaxies in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field (Coe+, 2006)J/AJ/134/169 : Redshifts of UDF emission-line objects (Xu+, 2007)J/ApJ/682/985 : FIREWORKS photometry of GOODS CDF-S (Wuyts+, 2008)J/ApJS/189/270 : MUSYC optical imaging in ECDF-S (Cardamone+, 2010)J/A+A/511/A50 : JHks of GOODS-South field (Retzlaff+, 2010)J/A+A/533/A119 : GOODS-Herschel North and South catalogs (Elbaz+, 2011)J/ApJS/203/24 : Structural param. of galaxies in CANDELS (van der Wel+, 2012)J/ApJ/769/80 : Spitzer/IRAC observations of five deep fields (Ashby+, 2013)J/A+A/556/A55 : Multi-color phot. of star-forming galaxies (Ilbert+, 2013)J/MNRAS/432/2696 : Galaxy luminosity function at z = 7-9 (McLure+, 2013)J/ApJ/768/74 : PHIBSS: CO obs. of star-forming galaxies (Tacconi+, 2013)J/ApJ/793/115 : UV-continuum slopes beta for z~4-8 galaxies (Bouwens+, 2014)J/ApJ/796/60 : ECDFS galaxies phot. redshifts & counterparts (Hsu+, 2014)J/ApJS/214/24 : 3D-HST+CANDELS catalog (Skelton+, 2014)J/ApJ/803/34 : z~4-10 galaxies from HST legacy fields (Bouwens+, 2015)J/ApJ/806/110 : ALESS survey: SMGs in the ECDF-S data (da Cunha+, 2015)J/AJ/149/178 : Redshift cat. of galaxies in GOODS-South field (Morris+, 2015)J/ApJS/225/27 : 3D-HST Survey: grism spectra master catalog (Momcheva+, 2016)J/A+A/608/A2 : MUSE Hubble Ultra Deep Field Survey. II. (Inami+, 2017)J/ApJS/228/2 : Chandra Deep Field-South survey: 7Ms sources (Luo+, 2017)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/882/138https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/882/138http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/882/138https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/882/138https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/882/138http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/882/138GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJ/882/138/table6 (Example of the line candidates entrying one of the realizations of the CO luminosity functions)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/882/138/table6?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/882/138/table6?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/882/138/table6?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true53.16063-27.776260.0055555555555555566/35935https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJ/882/138?format=asciiInfraredMillimeterRadiodefaultJ/ApJ/882/138/table6Example of the line candidates entrying one of the realizations of the CO luminosity functionsrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintRAJ2000[53.14/53.19] Right Ascension (J2000)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000[-27.8/-27.76] Declination (J2000)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainzCO[0.11/3.61] Redshift, CO linesrc.redshift;pos.heliocentricfloatSN[4.9/36.2] Signal-to-Noise Ratio of CO Linestat.snr;spect.linefloatCmp[0.46/1] Completeness (1)meta.notefloatcpt[YN] Does the line candidate have a counterpart at optical/NIR wavelengths with matching redshift?meta.codecharfid[0.24/1] Fidelity of the line candidate (1)meta.codefloatLIR[1e+8/2.8e+10] Inferred line luminosityK.km.s**-1.pc**-2phys.luminosity;em.IRdoubleJup[1/4] Rotational quantum number of the upper energy level of the transitionphys.mol.qn;phys.mol.rotation;stat.maxint