J/ApJ/878/71ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/878/71doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.18780071CDSLau R.M.Heida M.Walton D.J.Kasliwal M.M.Adams S.M.Cody A.M.,De K.Gehrz R.D.Furst F.Jencson J.E.Kennea J.A.Masci F.2021-06-17T13:03:46Z2021-01-04T13:43:28ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frx-ray-sourcesinfrared-photometryabsolute-magnitudegalaxiesinfrared-sourcessurveysactive-galactic-nucleigiant-starsWe present a mid-infrared (IR) sample study of nearby ultraluminous X-ray sources (ULXs) using multiepoch observations with the Infrared Array Camera (IRAC) on the Spitzer Space Telescope. Spitzer/IRAC observations taken after 2014 were obtained as part of the Spitzer Infrared Intensive Transients Survey. Our sample includes 96 ULXs located within 10 Mpc. Of the 96 ULXs, 12 have candidate counterparts consistent with absolute mid-IR magnitudes of supergiants, and 16 counterparts exceeded the mid-IR brightness of single supergiants and are thus more consistent with star clusters or non-ULX background active galactic nuclei. The supergiant candidate counterparts exhibit a bimodal color distribution in a Spitzer/IRAC color-magnitude diagram, where "red" and "'blue" ULXs fall in IRAC colors [3.6]-[4.5]~0.7 and [3.6]-[4.5]~0.0, respectively. The mid-IR colors and absolute magnitudes of four "red" and five "blue" ULXs are consistent with those of supergiant B[e] (sgB[e]) and red supergiant (RSG) stars, respectively. Although "blue," RSG-like mid-IR ULX counterparts likely host RSG mass donors; we propose that "red" counterparts are ULXs exhibiting the "B[e] phenomenon" rather than hosts of sgB[e] mass donors. We show that the mid-IR excess from the "red" ULXs is likely due to thermal emission from circumstellar or circumbinary dust. Using dust as a probe for total mass, we estimate mass-loss rates of dM/dt~1x10^-4^M_{sun}_/yr in dust-forming outflows of red ULXs. Based on the transient mid-IR behavior and its relatively flat spectral index, {alpha}=-0.19+/-0.1, we suggest that the mid-IR emission from Holmberg IX X-1 originates from a variable jet.2019ApJ...878...71Lhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJ/878/71CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toB/swift : Swift Master Catalog (HEASARC, 2004-)II/311 : WISE All-Sky Data Release (Cutri+ 2012)IX/57 : The Chandra Source Catalog (CSC), Release 2.0 (Evans+, 2019)J/A+AS/142/425 : BVRI photometry of 6 galaxies (Drozdovsky+, 2000)J/ApJ/560/675 : Chandra X-ray point sources in Cen A (Kraft+, 2001)J/ApJS/154/519 : Properties of ultraluminous X-ray candidates (Swartz+, 2004)J/ApJ/601/735 : M51 luminous X-ray sources (Terashima+, 2004)J/ApJS/157/59 : Ultraluminous X-ray sources in nearby galaxies (Liu+, 2005)J/A+A/429/1125 : Catalog of Ultraluminous X-ray sources (Liu+, 2005)J/AJ/132/2268 : SAGE calibration stars (Meixner+, 2006)J/ApJ/649/730 : ULX population in nearby galaxies from XMM (Winter+, 2006)J/ApJS/173/185 : GALEX UV atlas of nearby galaxies (Gil de Paz+, 2007)J/AJ/138/1003 : IR photometry of massive LMC stars (Bonanos+, 2009)J/ApJ/705/1533 : NGC 5128 globular clusters (Chattopadhyay+, 2009)J/AJ/138/332 : LEDA CMD/tip of the red giant branch (Jacobs+, 2009)J/AJ/140/1475 : ARAUCARIA: NGC 7793 Cepheids (Pietrzynski+, 2010)J/ApJS/192/10 : Chandra ACIS survey in 383 nearby galaxies. I. (Liu, 2011)J/ApJ/733/124 : Cepheids in M101 observed with HST (Shappee+, 2011)J/ApJ/741/49 : ULX candidates in nearby galaxies (Swartz+, 2011)J/MNRAS/416/1844 : 2XMM ultraluminous X-ray source candidates (Walton+, 2011)J/ApJ/756/27 : Classification of sources from 2XMMi-DR3 (Lin+, 2012)J/MNRAS/419/2095 : HMXBs in nearby galaxies (Mineo+, 2012)J/AJ/146/86 : Cosmicflows-2 catalog (Tully+, 2013)J/MNRAS/446/470 : ULX candidates in luminous IR galaxies (Luangtip+, 2015)J/A+A/587/A121 : The IR source catalog of nearby galaxies (Williams+, 2016)J/ApJS/225/1 : SpIES: the Spitzer IRAC Equatorial Survey (Timlin+, 2016)J/ApJ/836/64 : Luminous variable stars in M31 & M33. IV. (Humphreys+, 2017)J/ApJ/839/88 : 14 unusual IR transients with Spitzer (Kasliwal+, 2017)http://sha.ipac.caltech.edu/applications/Spitzer/SHA/ : Spitzer Heritagehttps://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/878/71https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/878/71http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/878/71https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/878/71https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/878/71http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/878/71GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJ/878/71/table1 (ULX candidate sample)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/878/71/table1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/878/71/table1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/878/71/table1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true13.7705417-37.69552780.0055555555555555566/764 2320 2372 2409 3506 3507 4511 5202 5715 5975 6649 7606 7743 7799 7953 10761 10856 10900 10901 10905 10911 10977 10979 10982 11027 11127 11434 11448 16441 16655 16666 18398 22751 25083 26265 27030 27643 28077 28167 28173 28184 28496 28521 28535 28637 33193 35536 36785 38390 43262 43420https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJ/878/71?format=asciiX-rayInfrareddefaultJ/ApJ/878/71/table1ULX candidate samplerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintGalHost galaxy namemeta.id.parentcharf_Gal[Y/N] Galaxy included in the SPitzer InfraRed Intensive Transient Survey (SPIRITS; Kasliwal+ 2017, J/ApJ/839/88)meta.codecharNameULX name used in this workmeta.id;meta.maincharprimaryONameOther namemeta.idcharRAJ2000X-ray hour of right ascension (J2000)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000X-ray degree of declination (J2000)pos.eq.dec;meta.mainePos[0.3/2.3] 2{sigma} X-ray positional uncertaintyarcsecstat.error;posfloatDist[1.88/14.19] Adopted distance to the ULXMpcpos.distance;pos.heliocentricfloate_Dist[0/3.18] Dist uncertaintyMpcstat.errorfloatr_DistDistance reference (1)meta.ref;pos.framecharAuthAuthor of the reference for the X-ray positionmeta.bib.authorcharBibCodeBibcode of the reference for the X-ray positionmeta.bib.bibcodecharNirNumber of Spitzer/IRAC observations for this source (link to Table 2)meta.numberintnullableCcCandidate star clusters, AGN, and background galaxy ULX counterpart (link to Table 4)meta.ref.urlintnullableNnirNumber of Spitzer/IRAC mid-IR non-detection measurements for this source (link to Table 5)meta.numberintnullableLCInteractive LC Plotmeta.ref.urlcharSimbadNameSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.idcharJ/ApJ/878/71/table2Spitzer/IRAC observations of candidate stellar mid-IR ULX counterpartsZP[0.03/0.4]? Zeropoint uncertainty error in MAGmagstat.error;phot.magfloatnullablerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintGalHost Galaxymeta.id.parentcharNameULX Counterpart name, including hostmeta.id;meta.maincharMJDModified Julian Date (JD-2400000.5)dtime.epochdoubleIRAC[1/2] IRAC Channel (3.6 or 4.5um)meta.codeintl_FluxLimit flag on Fluxmeta.code.error;phot.fluxcharFlux[1.3/277.3] Flux in IRAC channeluJyphot.flux.density;em.IRfloate_Flux[0.2/5.5]? Uncertainty in FluxuJystat.error;phot.fluxfloatnullablel_magLimit flag on omagmeta.code.errorcharmag[14.67/20.5] Vega magnitude in IRAC channelmagphot.magfloate_mag[0.01/0.3]? Uncertainty in magmagstat.error;phot.magfloatnullablel_MAGLimit flag on AbsMagmeta.code.errorcharMAG[-13.21/-7.3] Absolute magnitude in IRAC channelmagphys.magAbsfloate_MAG[0.01/0.3]? Uncertainty in MAGmagstat.error;phot.magfloatnullablePIPrinciple Investigator of Observationmeta.id.PI;obs.paramcharPID[60/90240] Program identifier of Observationmeta.id;obsintJ/ApJ/878/71/table4Candidate star clusters, AGN, and background galaxy ULX counterpartsGalHost Galaxymeta.id.parentcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintNameULX Counterpart name, including hostmeta.id;meta.maincharMJDModified Julian Date (JD-2400000.5)dtime.epochdoubleIRAC[1/2] IRAC Channelmeta.codeintFlux[40.23/2069.82] Flux in IRAC channeluJyphot.flux.density;em.IRfloate_Flux[0.73/140.18] Uncertainty in FluxuJystat.error;phot.fluxfloatmag[12.44/17.11] Vega magnitude in IRAC channelmagphot.magfloate_mag[0.001/0.127] Uncertainty in magmagstat.error;phot.magfloatMAG[-16.9/-12.21] Absolute magnitude in IRAC channelmagphys.magAbsfloate_MAG[0.001/0.127] Uncertainty in MAGmagstat.error;phot.magfloatZP[0.03/0.4] Zeropoint uncertainty error in MAGmagstat.error;phot.magfloatPIPrinciple Investigator of Observationmeta.id.PI;obs.paramcharPID[60/80196] Program identifier of Observationmeta.id;obsintJ/ApJ/878/71/table5Spitzer/IRAC mid-IR non-detections of ULXsGalHost Galaxymeta.id.parentcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintNameULX Counterpart name, including hostmeta.id;meta.maincharn_Name[a] Note on Name (1)meta.notecharMJDModified Julian Date (JD-2400000.5)dtime.epochdoubleIRAC[1/2] IRAC Channelmeta.codeintl_FluxLimit flag on Fluxmeta.code.error;phot.fluxcharFlux[0.82/984.8] Flux in IRAC channeluJyphot.flux.density;em.IRfloatl_magLimit flag on magmeta.code.errorcharmag[13.0/21.13] Vega magnitude in IRAC channelmagphot.magfloatl_MAGLimit flag on MAGmeta.code.errorcharMAG[-16.8/-6.96] Absolute magnitude in IRAC channelmagphys.magAbsfloatPIPrinciple Investigator of Observationmeta.id.PI;obs.paramcharPID[69/80196] Program identifier of Observationmeta.id;obsint