J/ApJ/878/63ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/878/63doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.18780063CDSBlouin S.Dufour P.Thibeault C.Allard N.F.2022-09-05T12:46:49Z2020-12-21T12:54:52ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frwhite-dwarf-starsastronomical-modelsstellar-atmospheresinfrared-photometryvisible-astronomyWide-band photometrytrigonometric-parallaxstellar-masseschemical-abundancesAs a result of competing physical mechanisms, the atmospheric composition of white dwarfs changes throughout their evolution, a process known as spectral evolution. Because of the ambiguity of their atmospheric compositions and the difficulties inherent to the modeling of their dense atmospheres, no consensus exists regarding the spectral evolution of cool white dwarfs (Teff<6000K). In the previous papers of this series, we presented and observationally validated a new generation of cool white dwarf atmosphere models that include all the necessary constitutive physics to accurately model those objects. Using these new models and a homogeneous sample of 501 cool white dwarfs, we revisit the spectral evolution of cool white dwarfs. Our sample includes all spectroscopically identified white dwarfs cooler than 8300K for which a parallax is available in Gaia DR2 and photometric observations are available in Pan-STARRS1 and 2MASS. Except for a few cool carbon-polluted objects, our models allow an excellent fit to the spectroscopic and photometric observations of all objects included in our sample. We identify a decrease of the ratio of hydrogen- to helium-rich objects between 7500 and 6250K, which we interpret as the signature of convective mixing. After this decrease, hydrogen-rich objects become more abundant up to 5000K. This puzzling increase, reminiscent of the non-DA gap, has yet to be explained. At lower temperatures, below 5000K, hydrogen-rich white dwarfs become rarer, which rules out the scenario in which the accretion of hydrogen from the interstellar medium dominates the spectral evolution of cool white dwarfs.2019ApJ...878...63Bhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJ/878/63CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toII/246 : 2MASS All-Sky Catalog of Point Sources (Cutri+ 2003)II/349 : The Pan-STARRS release 1 (PS1) Survey - DR1 (Chambers+, 2016)I/345 : Gaia DR2 (Gaia Collaboration, 2018)J/ApJS/133/413 : BVRIJHK photometry of cool white dwarfs (Bergeron+, 2001)J/AJ/126/1023 : White Dwarfs in the SDSS (Harris+, 2003)J/ApJS/156/47 : DA white dwarfs from the Palomar Green Survey (Liebert+, 2005)J/AJ/131/582 : Cool white dwarfs in the SDSS (Kilic+, 2006)J/ApJ/643/402 : Cool white dwarfs in the solar neighborhood (Kawka+, 2006)J/AJ/132/676 : SDSS hot DB white dwarfs (Eisenstein+, 2006)J/ApJS/167/40 : SDSS4 confirmed white dwarfs catalog (Eisenstein+, 2006)J/AJ/134/252 : New nearby white dwarf systems (Subasavage+, 2007)J/ApJ/663/1291 : DZ stars in SDSS DR4 (Dufour+, 2007)J/ApJS/190/77 : Detailed analysis of cool WDs in the SDSS (Kilic+, 2010)J/MNRAS/413/1121 : SDSS post-common env. binaries. X (Rebassa-Mansergas+ 2011)J/ApJ/743/138 : Spectroscopic survey of bright white dwarfs (Gianninas+, 2011)J/AJ/143/103 : New white dwarfs (Sayres+, 2012)J/MNRAS/425/1394 : High proper-motion white dwarfs (Kawka+, 2012)J/ApJS/204/5 : SDSS DR7 white dwarf catalog (Kleinman+, 2013)J/AJ/145/136 : Astrometry & photometry of nearby WDs (Limoges+, 2013)J/A+A/566/L8 : He IR absorption profiles (Kowalski, 2014)J/A+A/571/A47 : Extensive linelist of CH in stellar atm. (Masseron+, 2014)J/ApJS/215/21 : Hydrogen and Helium EOS in brown dwarfs (Becker+, 2014)J/MNRAS/446/4078 : New white dwarf stars in SDSS DR10 (Kepler+, 2015)J/MNRAS/449/3966 : Ultracool white dwarfs (Gianninas+, 2015)J/ApJS/219/19 : Census of nearby white dwarfs from SUPERBLINK (Limoges+, 2015)J/MNRAS/455/3413 : New WD & subdwarf stars in SDSS DR12 (Kepler+, 2016)J/MNRAS/467/4970 : Cool DZ white dwarfs. I. (Hollands+, 2017)J/AJ/154/32 : Solar neighborhood. XXXIX. Nearby WDs (Subasavage+, 2017)J/A+A/619/A152 : MgHe line profile variations with temperature (Allard+, 2018)http://montrealwhitedwarfdatabase.org/ : MWDD home pagehttps://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/878/63https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/878/63http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/878/63https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/878/63https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/878/63http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/878/63GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJ/878/63/coolwds (Astrometry, spectral type and photometry of the stars (Tables 1 and 2) and atmospheric parameters (Table 3))https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/878/63/coolwds?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/878/63/coolwds?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/878/63/coolwds?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true0.603372463.96272810.0055555555555555566/60 319 346 442 446 448 554 579 582 622 632 657 776 820 897 904 945 992 1077 1131 1357 1381 1407 1414 1478 1628 1666 1782 1838 1912 2113 2148 2263 2273 2366 2412 2432 2615 2644 2722 2733 2736 2808 3027 3066 3122 3178 3222 3250 3499 3661 3709 3987 4000 4337 4346 4350 4365 4379 4418 4437 4440 4456 4504 4523-4524 4539 4545 4616 4659 4718 4748 4756 4803 4810-4811 4832 4869 4880 4904 4923 4947 4977 5048 5050 5088 5091 5106 5124 5127 5261 5343 5370 5519 5559 5589 5638 5723 5741 5793 5843 5871 5922 5995 6011 6027 6132 6228 6328 6442 6454 6458 6468 6485 6495 6501 6510 6554 6576 6619 6640 6721 6801 6993 7248 7252 7267 7478 7498 7519 7652 7740 7817 7820 7915 7984 8012 8333 8480 8533 8552 8607 8654 8669 8730 8749 8805 8849 8894 8905 9035 9050 9109 9129 9232 9332 9407 9458 9516 9532 9587 9606 9634 9651 9865 9954 9957 9971 9981 9985 10119 10131 10169 10263 10313 10319 10333 10370 10376 10432 10459 10462 10611 10616 10662 10689 10748 10780 10792 10902 10926 10951 10978 11023 11055 11120 11127 11157 11159 11177 11193 11226 11383-11384 11425 11488 11521 11745 11840 11932 11940 12126 12157 12202 12268 12343 12362 12558 12593 12639 12714 13082 13103 13327 13391 13525 13532 13550 13652 13662 13726 13868 13892 13945 14163 14208 14256 14488 14586 14783 15087 15252 15335 15552 15569 15835 15901 16249 16291 16310 16355-16356 16697 16744 17012 17181 17304 17364 17393 17452 17568 17573 17658 17670 17699 17733 17750 17922 17932 18002 18019 18072 18133 18155 18538 18548 18556 18700-18701 18742 18748 18805 19084 19135 19160 19265 19401 19404 19410-19411 19434 19440 19454 19488 19637 19655 19756 19827 19948 19982 19987 20028 20061 20081 20188 20196 20291 20334 20371 20386 20434 21151 21162 21194 21220 21479 21488 21691 22214 22352 22392 22501 22547 22638 22663 22678 22716 22818 22870 23036 23139 23174 23188 23212 23235 23320 23333 23395 23457 23497 23619 23658 23710 23793 23863 24032 24060 24317 24555 24732 24778 24882 24912 24915 25084 25220 25250 25341 25552 25790 25816 25852 25999 26059 26070 26076 26095 26173 26221 26227 26231 26266 26321 26349 26369 26384 26396 26471 26483 26489 26516 26602 26740 26860 26962 26965 27047 27072 27074 27123 27125 27131 27145 27331 27432 27500 27538 27587 27603 27681 27689 27744 27746 27767 27784 27852 27902 27945 27966 28009 28021 28045 28079 28129 28190 28198 28271-28272 28326 28337 28349 28354 28394 28414 28451 28532 28535 28540 28555 28569 28578 28645 29777 30195 30697 30839 31098 31150 31179 31193 31203 31346 31413 31434 31446 31549 31580 31637 31640 31698 31708 31716 31805 31956 31973 32108 32142 32156 32327 32412 32535 32552 32632 32634 32658 32766 34756 35701 35705 35790 36154 36278 36416 36418 36441 36567 36805 39807 40283 40747 40959 43891 44179 44630 44639 44971 44996 47023 48358 48544 48762 49016 49125 491518.650015785639275e-20 4.670716440110116e-19https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJ/878/63?format=asciiOpticalInfrareddefaultJ/ApJ/878/63/coolwdsAstrometry, spectral type and photometry of the stars (Tables 1 and 2) and atmospheric parameters (Table 3)SimbadNameSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.idcharnullableH-HeLog H/Hephys.atmol.ionStagecharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintPSOPan-STARRS object name (JHHMMSS.sss+DDMMSS.sss)meta.id;meta.maincharONameMontreal White Dwarf Database (MWDD) object IDmeta.id;meta.datasetcharGaiaGaia DR2 object ID (1)meta.id.crossRA_ICRS[0.6/359] Gaia Right Ascension (ICRS) at Ep=2015.5degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDE_ICRS[-30.6/85.05] Gaia Declination (ICRS) at Ep=2015.5degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainplx[7.78/155.3]? Gaia parallaxmaspos.parallax.trigfloatnullablee_plx[0.016/0.81]? Error on plxmasstat.error;pos.parallaxfloatnullableSpTSpectral Typesrc.spTypechargmag[13.85/19.24] PAN-STARRS apparent g (AB) magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.Bfloatrmag[13.62/18.47] PAN-STARRS apparent r (AB) magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.Rfloatimag[13.58/18.15] PAN-STARRS apparent i (AB) magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.Ifloatzmag[13.66/18.02] PAN-STARRS apparent z (AB) magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.Ifloatymag[13.67/18.03] PAN-STARRS apparent y (AB) magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.JfloatJmag[13.01/17.04] 2MASS apparent J magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.JfloatHmag[12.86/16.83]? 2MASS apparent H magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.HfloatnullableKsmag[12.76/16.17]? 2MASS apparent Ks magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.KfloatnullableTeff[3835/8300] Effective temperatureKphys.temperature.effectiveinte_Teff[20/290] Error in TeffKstat.error;phys.temperature.effectiveintlogg[6.44/8.88] Log of surface gravitylog(cm.s**-2)phys.gravityfloate_logg[0.008/0.14] Error in logglog(cm.s**-2)stat.errorfloatMass[0.03/1.14] MasssolMassphys.massfloate_Mass[0.003/0.09] Error in masssolMassstat.error;phys.massfloatcAge[0.3/9.1] White dwarf cooling ageGyrtime.agefloat[C/He][-8.4/-5.2]? Log of the C/He ratiophys.abund;arith.ratiofloatnullable[Ca/He][-11.7/-8.1]? Log of the Ca/He ratiophys.abund;arith.ratiofloatnullable_RA.icrsRight ascension (ICRS) at Epoch=J2015.5 (computed by VizieR, not part of the original data. The format may include more digits than the original data because of internal accuracy requirements in VizieR and across other CDS services)degpos.eq.ranullableindexed_DE.icrsDeclination (ICRS) at Epoch=J2015.5 (computed by VizieR, not part of the original data. The format may include more digits than the original data because of internal accuracy requirements in VizieR and across other CDS services)degpos.eq.decnullableindexed