J/ApJ/869/50ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/869/50doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.18690050CDSDuggan G.E.Kirby E.N.Andrievsky S.M.Korotin S.A.2021-08-11T10:58:12Z2019-12-30T07:32:31ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frchemical-abundanceseffective-temperaturevisible-astronomyspectroscopygiant-starsglobular-star-clustersgalaxieshalo-starsThere are many candidate sites of the r-process: core-collapse supernovae (CCSNe; including rare magnetorotational core-collapse supernovae), neutron star mergers (NSMs), and neutron star/black hole mergers. The chemical enrichment of galaxies --specifically dwarf galaxies-- helps distinguish between these sources based on the continual build-up of r-process elements. This technique can distinguish between the r-process candidate sites by the clearest observational difference --how quickly these events occur after the stars are created. The existence of several nearby dwarf galaxies allows us to measure robust chemical abundances for galaxies with different star formation histories. Dwarf galaxies are especially useful because simple chemical evolution models can be used to determine the sources of r-process material. We have measured the r-process element barium with Keck/DEIMOS medium-resolution spectroscopy. We present the largest sample of barium abundances (almost 250 stars) in dwarf galaxies ever assembled. We measure [Ba/Fe] as a function of [Fe/H] in this sample and compare with existing [{alpha}/Fe] measurements. We have found that a large contribution of barium needs to occur at more delayed timescales than CCSNe in order to explain our observed abundances, namely the significantly more positive trend of the r-process component of [Ba/Fe] versus [Fe/H] seen for [Fe/H]<~-1.6 when compared to the [Mg/Fe] versus [Fe/H] trend. We conclude that NSMs are the most likely source of r-process enrichment in dwarf galaxies at early times.2018ApJ...869...50Dhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJ/869/50CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toVII/195 : Globular Clusters in the Milky Way (Harris, 1996)J/AJ/120/1841 : Abundances & Kinematics of Halo & Disk Stars (Fulbright 2000)J/AJ/124/3222 : VI photometry of Draco and UMi galaxies (Bellazzini+, 2002)J/AJ/126/2840 : BVI CCD photometry of Sextans dSph galaxy (Lee+, 2003)J/ApJ/617/1091 : La and Eu abundances in 85 stars (Simmerer+, 2004)J/AJ/128/1177 : Galactic stellar abundances (Venn+, 2004)J/AJ/135/1993 : JHK magnitudes of Sculptor RR Lyrae (Pietrzynski+, 2008)J/ApJ/701/1053 : Abundances of 8 stars in the Draco dSph (Cohen+, 2009)J/ApJ/705/328 : Abundance measurements in Sculptor dSph (Kirby+, 2009)J/ApJ/719/931 : Chemical evolution of the UMi dSph (Cohen+, 2010)J/ApJS/191/352 : Abund. in stars of Milky Way dwarf satellites (Kirby+, 2010)J/A+A/523/A17 : Individual stars in Fornax dSph center (Letarte+, 2010)J/AJ/142/22 : Heavy-element dispersion in M92 (Roederer+, 2011)J/ApJ/760/86 : Equivalent widths for 13 NGC2419 RGB stars (Cohen+, 2012)J/ApJ/751/102 : Equivalent widths of 9 RGB in Carina dSph (Venn+, 2012)J/A+A/562/A71 : Abundances of solar neighbourhood dwarfs (Bensby+, 2014)J/MNRAS/439/1015 : Veloc. of red giants in 7 LG dwarf galaxies (Kirby+, 2014)J/A+A/572/A88 : Measured EWs for Fornax RGB stars (Lemasle+, 2014)J/ApJS/214/26 : Line lists for CN isotopes transitions (Sneden+, 2014)J/ApJ/801/125 : Carbon in red giants in GCs and dSph galaxies (Kirby+, 2015)J/A+A/586/A49 : r- & s- process elements in Milky Way disk (Battistini+, 2016)J/ApJ/819/135 : Lithium-rich giants in globular clusters (Kirby+, 2016)J/ApJ/838/44 : Abundances of the brightest member of Tuc III (Hansen+, 2017)J/ApJ/860/100 : LCs of 26 hydrogen-poor superluminous SNe (De Cia+, 2018)J/ApJS/237/18 : Cr, Co, & Ni abund. for metal-poor red giants (Kirby+, 2018)J/MNRAS/485/3042 : UBVRI photometry in 48 globular clusters (Stetson+, 2019)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/869/50https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/869/50http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/869/50https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/869/50https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/869/50http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/869/50GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJ/869/50/table9 (Comparison between high-resolution and DEIMOS abundances)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/869/50/table9?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/869/50/table9?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/869/50/table9?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true114.543866738.8704250.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJ/869/50/table1 (Spectroscopic targets)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/869/50/table1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/869/50/table1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/869/50/table1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true114.537538.881940.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJ/869/50/table6 (DEIMOS multi-element abundances catalog of dSph stars)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/869/50/table6?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/869/50/table6?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/869/50/table6?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true260.03157.909083330.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJ/869/50/table10 (DEIMOS multi-element abundances catalog of globular cluster stars)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/869/50/table10?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/869/50/table10?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/869/50/table10?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true259.247843.119327780.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJ/869/50/table7 (*Comparison between LTE and non-LTE measurements)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/869/50/table7?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/869/50/table7?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/869/50/table7?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true259.995366157.95580390.0055555555555555566/215 382 4526 5438 5589 6051 6058 6389 6792 7710 8093 9666 10183 11691 12405 21269 22558 23192 24843 25569 26366 27207 35549 35720 35969 40337https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJ/869/50?format=asciiOpticaldefaultJ/ApJ/869/50/table9Comparison between high-resolution and DEIMOS abundancesSimbadNameSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.idcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintTargetSystem identifier (as in Table 1)meta.id.parentcharprimaryNameObject namemeta.id;meta.maincharRefHRS Reference (1)meta.ref;pos.framecharName-HRSObject name HRSmeta.idcharTeff[3813/5525] Effective temperature [K]Kphys.temperature.effectiveintlog(g)[0.1/3.4] Log of surface gravity [cm/s2]log(cm.s**-2)phys.gravityfloatvt[1.3/2.2] Microturbulent velocity [km/s]km/sphys.velocfloat[Fe/H][-2.9/-0.2] Iron abundance relative to the Sunlog(Sun)phys.abund.Fefloate_[Fe/H][0.08/0.3] Uncertainty in [Fe/H]log(Sun)stat.error;phys.abund.Fefloat[a/Fe][-0.4/0.7] Atmospheric alpha-to-iron ratio relative to the Sunlog(Sun)phys.abundfloate_[a/Fe][0.09/0.2] Uncertainty in [a/Fe]log(Sun)stat.error;phys.abundfloat[Ba/Fe][-1.3/1.1] Barium-to-iron ratio relative to the Sun (2)log(Sun)phys.abundfloate_[Ba/Fe][0.1/0.3] Uncertainty in [Ba/Fe]log(Sun)stat.error;phys.abundfloatTeff-HRS[4000/5525] Teff HRSKphys.temperature.effectiveintlog(g)-HRS[0.2/3.4] log(g) HRSlog(cm.s**-2)phys.gravityfloatvt-HRS[1.0/2.8]? Microturbulent velocity HRSkm/sphys.velocfloatnullable[Fe/H]-HRS[-2.9/-0.2] Iron abundancephys.abund.Fefloate_[Fe/H]-HRS[0.02/0.3] Uncertainty in [Fe/H]-HRSstat.error;phys.abund.Fefloat[a/Fe]-HRS[-0.3/0.5]? Atmospheric alpha-to-iron ratiophys.abundfloatnullablee_[a/Fe]-HRS[0.03/0.3]? Uncertainty in [a/Fe]-HRSstat.error;phys.abundfloatnullable[Ba/Fe]-HRS[-1.2/1] Barium-to-iron ratiophys.abundfloate_[Ba/Fe]-HRS[0.02/0.4] Uncertainty in [Ba/Fe]-HRSstat.error;phys.abundfloatK10Display data from Kirby+, 2010, J/ApJS/191/352 within 3"meta.ref.urlintnullableB02Display data from Bellazzini+, 2002, J/AJ/124/3222 within 3"meta.ref.urlintnullable_RARight Ascension (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainnullable_DEDeclination (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainnullableJ/ApJ/869/50/table5Spectral line listrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintlambda[4101.7/9015] Wavelength of the line0.1nmem.wl;spect.linedoubleIon[1/607] Atomic number and ionization state of the line in decimal form (MOOG format)phys.atmol.ionStagedoubleEP[0/12.1] Lower excitation potential of the lineeVphys.atmol.excitation;stat.minfloatlog(gf)[-8.2/2.3] Oscillator strength of the linespect.line.intensitydoubleJ/ApJ/869/50/table1Spectroscopic targetsSimbadNameSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.idcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintSetGC=globular clusters; HF=halo field stars; dSph=dwarf spheroidal galaxiesmeta.codecharTargetTarget namemeta.id;meta.maincharONameOther name for the systemmeta.idcharRAJ2000Hour of right ascension (J2000)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Degree of declination (J2000)pos.eq.dec;meta.mainr_posReference for coordinates (1)meta.ref;pos.framecharDist[8.3/139]? Distancekpcpos.distance;pos.heliocentricfloatnullabler_DistReference for Dist (1)meta.ref;pos.framechar(m-M)0[14.6/20.8]? Extinction-corrected distance modulusmagphot.mag.distModfloatnullableJ/ApJ/869/50/table6DEIMOS multi-element abundances catalog of dSph starsSimbadNameSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.idcharNameObject namemeta.id;meta.mainchare_Teff[8/173] Uncertainty in TeffKstat.error;phys.temperature.effectiveintrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintTargetDwarf spheroidal galaxy identifier (as in Table 1)meta.id.parentcharprimaryRAJ2000[0/17] Hour of Right Ascension (J2000)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Degree of Declination (J2000)pos.eq.dec;meta.mainTeff[3740/5075] Effective temperatureKphys.temperature.effectiveintlog(g)[0.1/2.4] Log of surface gravitylog(cm.s**-2)phys.gravityfloatvt[1.5/2.2] Microturbulent velocitykm/sphys.velocfloat[Fe/H][-3.1/-0.6] Iron abundance relative to the Sunlog(Sun)phys.abund.Fefloate_[Fe/H][0.1/0.3] Uncertainty in [Fe/H]log(Sun)stat.error;phys.abund.Fefloat[a/Fe][-0.5/0.7] Atmospheric alpha-to-iron ratio relative to the Sunlog(Sun)phys.abundfloate_[a/Fe][0.08/0.3] Uncertainty in [a/Fe]log(Sun)stat.error;phys.abundfloat[Ba/Fe][-1.7/1.6] Barium-to-iron ratio relative to the Sunlog(Sun)phys.abundfloate_[Ba/Fe][0.1/0.3] Uncertainty in [Ba/Fe]log(Sun)stat.error;phys.abundfloatNLTEDisplay the Barium to iron ratio without assuming LTE (link to Table 7)meta.ref.urlintnullableK10Display data from Kirby+, 2010, J/ApJS/191/352 within 3"meta.ref.urlintnullableB02Display data from Bellazzini+, 2002, J/AJ/124/3222 within 3"meta.ref.urlintnullableJ/ApJ/869/50/table10DEIMOS multi-element abundances catalog of globular cluster starsSimbadNameSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.idcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintTargetGlobular Cluster identifier (as in Table 1)meta.id.parentcharprimaryNameObject namemeta.id;meta.maincharRAJ2000[7/17] Hour of Right Ascension (J2000)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Degree of Declination (J2000)pos.eq.dec;meta.mainTeff[4053/5811] Effective temperatureKphys.temperature.effectiveinte_Teff[11/74] Uncertainty in TeffKstat.error;phys.temperature.effectiveintlog(g)[0.4/3.59] Log of surface gravitylog(cm.s**-2)phys.gravityfloatvt[1.2/2.1] Microturbulent velocitykm/sphys.velocfloat[Fe/H][-2.6/-2] Iron abundance relative to the Sunlog(Sun)phys.abund.Fefloate_[Fe/H][0.1/0.14] Uncertainty in [Fe/H]log(Sun)stat.error;phys.abund.Fefloat[a/Fe][-0.2/0.6] Atmospheric alpha-to-iron ratio relative to the Sunlog(Sun)phys.abundfloate_[a/Fe][0.09/0.3] Uncertainty in [a/Fe]log(Sun)stat.error;phys.abundfloat[Ba/Fe][-0.5/0.6] Barium-to-iron ratio relative to the Sunlog(Sun)phys.abundfloate_[Ba/Fe][0.1/0.3] Uncertainty in [Ba/Fe]log(Sun)stat.error;phys.abundfloatK18Display data from Kirby+, 2018, J/ApJS/237/18 within 3"meta.ref.urlintnullableJ/ApJ/869/50/table7*Comparison between LTE and non-LTE measurementsSimbadNameSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.idcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintTargetDwarf spheroidal galaxymeta.id.parentcharNameObject namemeta.id;meta.maincharTeff[3747/5075] Effective temperatureKphys.temperature.effectiveinte_Teff[11/52] Uncertainty in TeffKstat.error;phys.temperature.effectiveintlog(g)[0.1/2] Log of surface gravity [cm/s2]log(cm.s**-2)phys.gravityfloatvt[1.6/2.2] Microturbulent velocity [km/s]km/sphys.velocfloat[Fe/H][-2.8/-0.9] Iron abundance relative to the Sunlog(Sun)phys.abund.Fefloate_[Fe/H][0.1/0.2] Uncertainty in [Fe/H]log(Sun)stat.error;phys.abund.Fefloat[a/Fe][-0.4/0.5] Atmospheric alpha-to-iron ratio relative to the Sunlog(Sun)phys.abundfloate_[a/Fe][0.09/0.3] Uncertainty in [a/Fe]log(Sun)stat.error;phys.abundfloat[Ba/Fe]-LTE[-1.3/1.6] Barium-to-iron ratio relative to the Sun assuming local thermodynamic equilibriumlog(Sun)phys.abundfloate_[Ba/Fe]-LTE[0.1/0.3] Uncertainty in [Ba/Fe]_LTElog(Sun)stat.error;phys.abundfloat[Ba/Fe]-NLTE[-1.2/1.4] Barium-to-iron ratio without assuming LTElog(Sun)phys.abundfloatK10Display data from Kirby+, 2010, J/ApJS/191/352 within 3"meta.ref.urlintnullable_RARight Ascension (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEDeclination (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.dec;meta.main