J/ApJ/859/87ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/859/87doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.18590087CDSYang H.Liu J.Qiao E.Zhang H.Gao Q.Cui K.Han H.2019-07-24T13:45:14Z2019-06-17T13:36:00ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frstellar-flaresFlare research is becoming a burgeoning realm of interest in the study of stellar activity due to the launch of Kepler in 2009. Kepler provides data with two time resolutions, i.e., the long-cadence (LC) data with a time resolution of 30 minutes and the short-cadence (SC) data with a time resolution of 1 minute, both of which can be used to study stellar flares. In this paper, we search flares in light curves with both LC data and SC data, and compare them in aspects of the true-flare rate, the flare energy, the flare amplitude, and the flare duration. It is found that LC data systematically underestimated the energies of flares by 25%, and underestimated the amplitudes of flares by 60% compared with SC flares. The durations are systematically overestimated by 50% compared with SC flares. However, the above percentages are poorly constrained and there is a lot of scatter. About 60% of SC flares have not been detected by LC data. We investigate the limitation of LC data, and suggest that although LC data cannot reflect the detailed profiles of flares, they can also capture the basic properties of stellar flares.2018ApJ...859...87Yhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJ/859/87CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toV/133 : Kepler Input Catalog (Kepler Mission Team, 2009)J/AJ/142/112 : KIC photometric calibration (Brown+, 2011)J/ApJ/743/138 : Spectroscopic survey of bright white dwarfs (Gianninas+, 2011)J/AJ/141/50 : White-light flares on cool Kepler stars (Walkowicz+, 2011)J/other/Nat/485.478 : Superflares on solar-type stars (Maehara+, 2012)J/ApJ/754/4 : HST monitoring of flaring stars in Gal. bulge (Osten+, 2012)J/MNRAS/431/2240 : Activity in A-type stars from Kepler (Balona, 2013)J/ApJS/204/24 : Kepler planetary candidates. III. (Batalha+, 2013)J/ApJ/767/95 : Improved parameters of smallest KIC stars (Dressing+, 2013)J/ApJS/209/5 : Superflares of Kepler stars. I. (Shibayama+, 2013)J/ApJS/211/2 : Revised properties of Q1-16 Kepler targets (Huber+, 2014)J/MNRAS/447/2714 : Flare stars across the H-R diagram (Balona+, 2015)J/ApJ/801/3 : Rotation periods for Q3-Q14 KOIs (Mazeh+, 2015)J/AJ/151/68 : Kepler Mission. VII. Eclipsing binaries in DR3 (Kirk+, 2016)J/ApJS/224/12 : Kepler planetary candidates. VII. 48-month (Coughlin+, 2016)J/ApJ/829/23 : Stellar flares from Q0-Q17 Kepler LCs (Davenport, 2016)J/ApJS/224/37 : White-light flares on close binaries from Kepler (Gao+, 2016)J/ApJS/232/26 : Catalog of Kepler flare stars (Van Doorsselaere+, 2017)J/ApJ/849/36 : Flaring activity of M dwarfs in the Kepler field (Yang+, 2017)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/859/87https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/859/87http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/859/87https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/859/87https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/859/87http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/859/87GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJ/859/87/stars (List of KIC stars; table added by CDS)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/859/87/stars?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/859/87/stars?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/859/87/stars?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true291.033694736.77104470.0055555555555555565/3732 3785 6/14567 14573 14575 14580 14583 14584 14585 14586 14589 14590 14591 14730 14733 14735 14751 14752 14753 14756 14757 14759 14760 14763 14765 14769 14776 14777 14779 14781 14782 14783 14792 14824 14826 14830 14915 14917 14918 14919 14921 14924 14926 14927 14934 14935 14936 14939 14941 14942 14947 14948 14952 14955 14957 14958 14959 14960 14963 14967 14968 14969 14972 14974 14975 15041 15057 15060 15061 15108 15110 15112 15113 15118 15119 15120 15121 15122 15126 15128 15129 15131 15132 15133 15134 15139 15146 15149 15154 15156 15160 15168 15169 15170 15172 15174 15178https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJ/859/87?format=asciidefaultJ/ApJ/859/87/starsList of KIC stars; table added by CDSrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintKIC[1025986/12406908] Kepler Input Catalog identifiermeta.id;meta.mainlongprimaryNlNumber of LC flare measurements for this star (link to Table 2)meta.numberintnullableSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlchar_RARight Ascension (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEDeclination (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainJ/ApJ/859/87/table2The parameters of long-cadence (LC) flares for 156 KIC starsrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintKIC[1025986/12406908] Kepler Input Catalog identifiermeta.id.parentlongInd[0/939] Flare Index (1)meta.idintBTime[131.9/1587] Flare start time, Kepler Barycentric Julian Day (BKJD), BJD-2454833dtime.startdoubleETime[131.9/1587] Flare end time, Kepler Barycentric Julian Day (BKJD), BJD-2454833dtime.enddoubleAmp[97.3/3551809.1] Flare amplitude in parts per million1e-06countsrc.var.amplitudedoublelogE[30/36.6] log of flare energy, in ergslog(1e-07J)phys.energyfloatNsNumber of SC flare measurements for this long-cadence flare (link to Table 3)meta.numberintnullableJ/ApJ/859/87/table3The parameters of short-cadence (SC) flares for 156 KIC starsrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintKIC[1025986/12406908] Kepler Input Catalog identifiermeta.id.parentlongInd[0/939] Flare Index (1)meta.idintBTime[131.9/1587] Flare start time, Kepler Barycentric Julian Day (BKJD), BJD-2454833dtime.startdoubleETime[131.9/1587] Flare end time, Kepler Barycentric Julian Day (BKJD), BJD-2454833dtime.enddoubleAmp[97.3/3551809.1] Flare amplitude in parts per million1e-06countsrc.var.amplitudedoublelogE[30/36.6] log of flare energy, in ergslog(1e-07J)phys.energyfloat