J/AJ/169/90ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/AJ/169/90CDSOfir A.Yoffe G.Aharonson O.2026-04-01T08:42:51Z2025-11-26T16:30:17ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frexoplanetsstellar-radiistellar-massesastronomical-modelsvisible-astronomyWe use PyDynamicaLC, a model using the least number of--and the least correlated--degrees of freedom needed to derive a photodynamical model, to describe some of the smallest--and lowest-transit-timing-variation-amplitude--of the Kepler planets. We successfully analyze 64 systems containing 218 planets, for 88 of which we were able to determine significant masses (to better than 3{sigma}). We demonstrate consistency with literature results over 2 orders of magnitude in mass, and for the planets that already had literature mass estimations, we were able to reduce the relative mass error by ~22% (median value). Of the planets with determined masses, 23 are new mass determinations, with no previous significant literature values, including a planet smaller and lighter than Earth (KOI-1977.02/Kepler-345 b). These results demonstrate the power of photodynamical modeling with the appropriately chosen degrees of freedom. This will become increasingly more important as smaller planets are detected, especially as the TESS mission gathers ever longer baseline light curves and for the analysis of the future PLATO mission data.2025AJ....169...90Ohttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/AJ/169/90CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toI/345 : Gaia DR2 (Gaia Collaboration, 2018)I/355 : Gaia DR3 Part 1. Main source (Gaia Collaboration, 2022)V/133 : Kepler Input Catalog (Kepler Mission Team, 2009)J/ApJ/728/117 : Kepler planetary candidates. I. (Borucki+, 2011)J/ApJ/736/19 : Kepler planetary candidates. II. (Borucki+, 2011)J/A+A/555/A58 : New Kepler planetary candidates (Ofir+, 2013)J/ApJS/208/22 : Transit timing variation for 12 planetary pairs (Xie, 2013)J/ApJ/787/80 : 139 Kepler planets transit time variations (Hadden+, 2014)J/ApJ/795/167 : Transits of PH3 b, c, & d through Jan, 2019 (Schmitt+, 2014)J/ApJS/210/25 : Transit timing var. for 15 planetary pairs. II. (Xie, 2014)J/A+A/573/A124 : Kepler-117 (KOI-209) transit-timing variations (Bruno+, 2015)J/ApJS/224/12 : Kepler planetary candidates. VII. 48-month (Coughlin+, 2016)J/ApJS/225/9 : Kepler TTVs. IX. The full long-cadence data set (Holczer+, 2016)J/AJ/152/105 : Kepler-80 transit timing observations (MacDonald+, 2016)J/A+A/587/A64 : Physical properties of giant exoplanets (Santerne+, 2016)J/ApJ/839/94 : Abundances of solar twins from Keck/HIRES (Bedell+, 2017)J/AJ/154/5 : Transit timing variations of 145 Kepler planets (Hadden+, 2017)J/MNRAS/465/2634 : Kepler and K2 best candidates for planets (Armstrong+, 2017)J/ApJ/866/99 : Revised radii: KIC stars & planets with GaiaDR2 (Berger+, 2018)J/AJ/156/264 : California-Kepler Survey. VII. Planet rad. gap (Fulton+, 2018)J/ApJS/234/9 : A spectral approach to transit timing variations (Ofir+, 2018)J/ApJS/235/38 : Kepler planetary cand. VIII. DR25 reliability (Thompson+, 2018)J/A+A/628/A108 : Photometry of Kepler-82b and c transits (Freudenthal+, 2019)J/AJ/159/57 : HST spect. LCs of Kepler 51b & 51d (Libby-Roberts+, 2020)J/AJ/161/246 : Transit time variations for 12 exoplanets (Jontof-Hutter+, 2021)J/AJ/163/91 : Param. & dynamic solutions of Kepler planets (Judkovsky+, 2022)http://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/ : NASA Exoplanet Archive (NExSci)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/169/90https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/169/90http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/169/90https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/169/90https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/169/90http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/169/90GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/AJ/169/90/table1 (Stellar parameters used in this work)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/169/90/table1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/169/90/table1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/169/90/table1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true297.333059741.89111280.0055555555555555566/14582 14586 14591 14731 14751 14753 14757 14764 14767-14768 14774 14779 14781 14923-14925 14929 14933 14935 14938 14958-14959 15105 15107 15110 15116 15118 15120 15127 15131 15134 15137 15139 15141 15149 15160 15171-15172 15174https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/AJ/169/90?format=asciiOpticaldefaultJ/AJ/169/90/table1Stellar parameters used in this workrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharKOI[94/2038] Kepler Object of Interest identifiermeta.id;meta.mainintprimarynPlNumber of planets for this host star (link to Table 2)meta.numberintnullableMass[0.13/1.34] Stellar masssolMassphys.massfloatE_Mass[9e-3/0.14] Positive uncertainty in MasssolMassstat.error;stat.max;phys.massfloate_Mass[0.01/0.14] Negative uncertainty in MasssolMassstat.error;stat.min;phys.massfloatRad[0.17/1.85] Stellar radiussolRadphys.size.radiusfloatE_Rad[3e-3/0.14] Positive uncertainty in RadiussolRadstat.error;stat.max;phys.size.radiusfloate_Rad[4e-3/0.14] Negative uncertainty in RadiussolRadstat.error;stat.min;phys.size.radiusfloatLD1[0.26/0.69] First limb darkening coefficient (1)phot.limbDarkfloatLD2[0.06/0.44] Second limb darkening coefficient (1)phot.limbDarkfloatRef[1/3] References (2)meta.refint_RAPositions from Simbad (right ascension part)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEPositions from Simbad (declination part)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainJ/AJ/169/90/table2Planetary Mandel-Agol parameters used in this workKOI[94/2038] Kepler Object of Interest identifier of the host star (Column added by CDS)meta.id.parentinte_Per[8.4e-8/7e-3] Uncertainty in Perdstat.error;time.periodfloatTmid[128/826] Mean Barycentric Julian Date of mid-eclipse (BJD-2454833)dtime.epoch;stat.meandoubleSimbadNameSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.idcharnullablerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintKOIp[94.01/2038.04] KOI planet identifiermeta.id;meta.mainfloatnSolNumber of planet parameter solutions (link to Table 3)meta.numberintnullablePer[0.45/330.1] Mean orbital perioddtime.period;stat.meandoublee_Tmid[2e-5/0.03] Uncertainty in Tmiddstat.error;time.epochfloata/Rs[3.3/449] Normalized semi-major axis (1)phys.size.smajAxis;arith.ratiodoublee_a/Rs[4e-3/184] Uncertainty in a/Rstat.error;phys.size.smajAxis;arith.ratiofloatb/Rs[0/1] Normalized impact parameter (1)src.impactParam;arith.ratiodoublee_b/Rs[5.8e-5/0.7] Uncertainty in b/Rstat.error;src.impactParam;arith.ratiofloatr/Rs[4e-3/0.11] Normalized radius (1)phys.size.radius;arith.ratiodoublee_r/Rs[8.4e-7/0.02] Uncertainty in r/Rstat.error;phys.size.radius;arith.ratiofloatJ/AJ/169/90/table3Dynamical parameters found in this workKOI[94/2038] Kepler Object of Interest identifier of the host star (Column added by CDS)meta.id.parentintKOIp[94.01/2038.04] KOI planet identifiermeta.id;meta.mainfloatrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintSolN[1/2] Solution number (1)meta.idintmu[0.05/2650] Normalized {mu} parameter * 1e6stat.paramdoubleE_mu[0.04/7027] Positive uncertainty in mustat.error;stat.max;stat.paramdoublee_mu[0.01/2630] Negative uncertainty in mustat.error;stat.min;stat.paramdoubleMass[0.01/12652] Planetary mass(5.97236x10+24kg)phys.massdoubleE_Mass[0/100] Positive uncertainty in Mass (2)(5.97236x10+24kg)stat.error;stat.max;phys.massfloate_Mass[0/117] Negative uncertainty in Mass (2)(5.97236x10+24kg)stat.error;stat.min;phys.massfloatDex[-0.08/0.09] Difference in X eccentricity vector component (3)src.orbital.eccentricity;pos.cartesian.xfloatE_Dex[0.001/0.06] Positive uncertainty in Dexstat.error;stat.max;src.orbital.eccentricityfloate_Dex[0.001/0.06] Negative uncertainty in Dexstat.error;stat.min;src.orbital.eccentricityfloatDey[-0.09/0.07] Difference in Y eccentricity vector component (3)src.orbital.eccentricity;pos.cartesian.yfloatE_Dey[0.001/0.06] Positive uncertainty in Deystat.error;stat.max;src.orbital.eccentricityfloate_Dey[0.001/0.06] Negative uncertainty in Deystat.error;stat.min;src.orbital.eccentricityfloatrho[7e-4/2331] Planetary densityg.cm**-3phys.densitydoubleE_rho[5e-4/6182] Positive uncertainty in rhog.cm**-3stat.error;stat.max;phys.densitydoublee_rho[2e-4/2316] Negative uncertainty in rhog.cm**-3stat.error;stat.min;phys.densitydouble