J/AJ/169/45ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/AJ/169/45CDSGiacalone S.Dressing C.D.2025-11-17T12:15:50Z2025-11-14T08:53:24ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.fra-starsinfrared-photometryvisible-astronomyexoplanetsThe Kepler and K2 missions enabled robust calculations of planet occurrence rates around FGKM-type stars. However, these missions observed too few stars with earlier spectral types to tightly constrain the occurrence rates of planets orbiting hotter stars. Using TESS, we calculate the occurrence rate of small(1R_{Earth}_<R_p_<8R_{Earth}_), close-in (P_orb_<10d) planets orbiting A-type stars for the first time. We search a sample of 20,257 bright (6<T<10) A-type stars for transiting planets using a custom pipeline and vet the detected signals, finding no reliable small planets. We characterize the pipeline completeness using injection-recovery tests and determine the 3{sigma} upper limits of the occurrence rates of close-in sub-Saturns (4R_{Earth}_<R_p_<8R_{Earth}_), sub-Neptunes (2R_{Earth}_<R_p_<4R_{Earth}_), and super-Earths (1R_{Earth}_<R_p_<2R_{Earth}_). We find upper limits of 2.2+/-0.4 sub-Saturns and 9.1+/-1.8 sub-Neptunes per 1000 A-type stars, which may be more than 3x and 6x lower than Kepler-era estimates for Sun-like stars. We calculate an upper limit of 186+/-34 super-Earths per 1000 A-type stars, which may be more than 1.5x lower than that for M dwarfs. Our results hint that small, close-in planets become rarer around early-type stars and that their occurrence rates decrease faster than that of hot Jupiters with increasing host star temperature. We discuss plausible explanations for these trends, including star-disk interactions and enhanced photoevaporation of planet atmospheres.2025AJ....169...45Ghttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/AJ/169/45CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toIV/34 : K2 Ecliptic Plane Input Catalog (EPIC) (Huber+, 2017)IV/38 : TESS Input Catalog - v8.0 (TIC-8) (Stassun+, 2019)IV/39 : TESS Input Catalog version 8.2 (TIC v8.2) (Paegert+, 2021)I/357 : Gaia DR3 Part 3. Non-single stars (Gaia Collaboration, 2022)J/A+A/475/677 : X-ray emission from A-type stars (Schroeder+, 2007)J/PASP/124/1279 : Q3 Kepler's combined photometry (Christiansen+, 2012)J/MNRAS/422/2024 : X-ray-age relation & exoplanet evaporation (Jackson+, 2012)J/A+A/537/A120 : Rotational velocities of A-type stars. IV. (Zorec+, 2012)J/ApJ/767/95 : Improved stellar param. of smallest KIC stars (Dressing+, 2013)J/A+A/561/A138 : Transiting planets search Matlab/Octave src code (Ofir+, 2014)J/ApJ/807/45 : Potentially habitable planets orbit. M dwarfs (Dressing+, 2015)J/ApJ/814/130 : Planet occurrence rates calculated for KOIs (Mulders+, 2015)J/ApJ/828/46 : ALMA survey of Lupus protoplanetary disks. I. (Ansdell+, 2016)J/MNRAS/455/3413 : New white dwarf & subdwarf stars: SDSS DR12 (Kepler+, 2016)J/ApJ/822/86 : False positive proba. for Q1-Q17 DR24 KOIs (Morton+, 2016)J/ApJ/839/23 : Subdwarf A stars vs ELM WDs radial velocities (Brown+, 2017)J/A+A/600/A30 : Limb-darkening for TESS satellite (Claret, 2017)J/AJ/154/109 : California-Kepler Surv. (CKS). III. Planet radii (Fulton+, 2017)J/AJ/153/71 : Kepler follow-up observation program. I. Imaging (Furlan+, 2017)J/AJ/153/117 : KOIs companions from high-resolution imaging (Hirsch+, 2017)J/ApJS/229/30 : Revised stellar propert.: Q1-17 Kepler targets (Mathur+, 2017)J/A+A/615/A175 : Solar system analogs with HARPS (Barbato+, 2018)J/ApJS/239/2 : Simulated exoplanets from TESS list of targets (Barclay+, 2018)J/MNRAS/475/2480 : Extremely-low mass white dwarf star (Pelisoli+, 2018)J/AJ/155/89 : California-Kepler Survey (CKS). IV. Planets (Petigura+, 2018)J/AJ/156/102 : The TESS Input Catalog & Candidate Target List (Stassun+, 2018)J/AJ/156/292 : Effect of close companions on exoplanetary radii (Teske+, 2018)J/ApJS/235/38 : Kepler planetary cand. VIII. DR25 reliability (Thompson+, 2018)J/AJ/158/88 : Oscillations in KOI-976's Kepler photometry (Ahlers+, 2019)J/AJ/157/52 : Radial velocity obs. in super-Earth systems (Bryan+, 2019)J/AJ/158/75 : Mid-type M dwarfs planet occurr. rates (Hardegree-Ullman+, 2019)J/AJ/158/109 : Occurrence rates of planets orbiting FGK stars (Hsu+, 2019)J/MNRAS/486/2169 : White dwarf and subdwarf stars in SDSS DR14 (Kepler+, 2019)J/AJ/158/13 : The first 300 stars observed by the GPIES (Nielsen+, 2019)J/AJ/158/141 : Differential phot. & RVs of HAT-P-69 & HAT-P-70 (Zhou+, 2019)J/AJ/161/36 : 117 exoplanets in habitable zone with Kepler DR25 (Bryson+, 2021)J/AJ/161/24 : TRICERATOPS predictions for 384 TOIs (Giacalone+, 2021)J/ApJS/254/39 : Exoplanet candidates from TESS first 2yr obs (Guerrero+, 2021)J/AJ/161/134 : Survey of stellar & planetary comp. within 25pc (Hirsch+, 2021)J/AJ/162/28 : Studying of protoplanetary disks in SFRs with ALMA (Van+, 2021)J/AJ/164/26 : 102 hot Jup. isochrone analyse & stellar modeling (Hamer+, 2022)J/A+A/658/A75 : MASCARA-1 b occultation & transit light curves (Hooton+, 2022)J/ApJS/259/33 : Faint-star TOIs from TESS Primary Mission (Kunimoto+, 2022)J/AJ/163/67 : 5-55000{AA} spectrum of TOI 560 (Zhang+, 2022)J/AJ/163/68 : Fiducial stellar spectrum of HD 63433 (Zhang+, 2022)J/AJ/166/175 : Pre- and main sequence stars properties (Fernandes+, 2023)J/AJ/165/265 : Properties of 363 M-dwarfs from TESS (Ment+, 2023)J/AJ/165/262 : Scaling K2. VI. HIRES/isoclassify stellar param. (Zink+, 2023)J/AJ/167/55 : Multiple-planet system resonances (Hamer+, 2024)J/AJ/167/210 : <200Myr planet's hosts TESS parameters (Vach+, 2024)http://archive.stsci.edu/ : Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes (MAST)http://exofop.ipac.caltech.edu/tess/ : Exoplanet Follow-up Observinghttps://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/169/45https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/169/45http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/169/45https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/169/45https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/169/45http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/169/45GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/AJ/169/45/table1 (Threshold-crossing events detected by the automated pipeline)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/169/45/table1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/169/45/table1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/169/45/table1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true327.6649003-44.80522640.0055555555555555566/978 994 1340 1352 1520 1672 2372 2445 2458 2461 2490 2513 2558 2706 2761 2786 2875 2898 2946 3053 3093 3117 3136 3168 3177 3215 3231 3240 3256 3259 3267 3272 3500 3585 3604 3713 3717 4281 5004 5279 5423 6047 6100 6722 6762 6859 7049 7338 7390 7912 11509 11898 12051 12081 12897-12898 12949 12967 13044 13046 13105 13146 13268 13822 13947 14061 14067 14124 14218 14221 14230 14236 14335 14535 14618 14647 14666 14727 14731 14742 14795 14804 14815 14926 15138 15189 15212 15369 15386 15424 15435 15504 15653 15698 15774 15804 16090 16155 16196 16216 16238 16273 16320 19833 19938 20297 20313 20440 20450 20607 20806 20980 21339 21367 21568 21669 21684 21909-21910 22281 22328 22402 22454 22457 22459 22812 22890 22956 23390 23650 23802 23807 23813 24322 24351 24618 24706 24869 25092 25134 25241 25407 28721 28809 30519 32022 32048 32108 32146 32977 33206 33214 33812 33874 36434 36968 37002 37084 37186 37208 37259 37285 37338 37371 37457 37549 37587 37593 37722 37725 37729 37741 37754 37756 37775 37812 37843 37873 37924 37970 37972 38039 38055 38157 38299 38305-38306 38386 38494 38498 38519 38524 38545 38604 38776 38895 38980 39055 39063 39122 39147 39181 39183 39189 39209 39320 39409 39434 39489 39685 39693 39737 39760 39932 40098 40155 40169 40545 40555 40586 40828 41003 41016 41211 41213 41271 41315 41390 41414 41429 41464 41525 41528 41539 41612 41643 41664 41674 41680 41726 41732 41790-41791 41831 41953 42074 42123 42134 42203 42363 42518 42526 42544 42636 42660 43012 43021 43023 43033 43073 43111 43146 43219 43293 43323 43359 43498 43687 43951 44559 45083 46646 47352 47728https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/AJ/169/45?format=asciiOpticalInfrareddefaultJ/AJ/169/45/table1Threshold-crossing events detected by the automated pipelinerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintTIC[1503583/470933866] TESS Input Catalog identifier (J/AJ/156/102, IV/38, IV/39)meta.id;meta.mainlongS18Link to the TESS Input Catalog and Candidate Target List (Stassun+2018, J/AJ/156/102)meta.numberintnullableTOI[742/6260]? TESS Object of Interest identifier (J/ApJS/254/39)meta.idintnullableTmag[5.49/10] TESS band (600-1000nm) apparent magnitude (1)magphot.mag;em.optfloatTeff[7506/10000] Stellar effective temperature (1)Kphys.temperature.effectiveintRs[1.7/2.6] Stellar radius (1)solRadphys.size.radiusfloatMs[1.4/2.5] Stellar mass (1)solMassphys.massfloatT0[1326/2798] TESS Barycentric Julian Date of transit midpoint (2)dtime.epochdoublePer[0.52/10] Orbital period (2)dtime.periodfloatDepth