J/AJ/169/337ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/AJ/169/337CDSWhisnant A.S.Povich M.S.Patten N.Kobulnicky H.A.2026-04-02T06:28:33Z2026-03-30T10:39:32ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frgalaxy-planesmilky-way-galaxyinfrared-photometryob-starsMass-loss influences stellar evolution, especially for massive stars with strong winds. Stellar wind bow shock nebulae driven by Galactic OB stars can be used to measure mass-loss rates (Mdot). The standoff distance (R0) between the star and the bow shock is set by momentum flux balance between the stellar wind and the surrounding interstellar medium (ISM). We created the Milky Way Project: mass-loss rates for OB Stars driving infrared bow shocks (MOBStIRS) using the online Zooniverse citizen science platform. We enlisted several hundred students to measure R0 and two other projected shape parameters for 764 cataloged infrared bow shocks. MOBStIRS incorporated 1528 JPEG cutout images produced from Spitzer GLIMPSE and MIPSGAL survey data. Measurements were aggregated to compute shape parameters for each bow shock image deemed high quality by participants. The average statistical uncertainty on R0 is 12.5% but varies from <5% to ~40% among individual bow shocks, contributing significantly to the total error budget of Mdot. The derived nebular morphologies agree well with (magneto) hydrodynamic simulations of bow shocks driven by the winds of OB stars moving at Va=10-40km/s with respect to the ambient ISM. A systematic correction to R0 to account for viewing angle appears unnecessary for computing Mdot. Slightly more than half of MOBStIRS bow shocks are asymmetric, which could indicate anisotropic stellar winds, ISM clumping on sub-pc scales, time-dependent instabilities, and/or misalignments between the local ISM magnetic field and the star-bow- shock axis.2025AJ....169..337Whttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/AJ/169/337CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toII/293 : GLIMPSE Source Catalog (I + II + 3D) (IPAC 2008)J/MNRAS/424/2442 : Catalog of bubbles from Milky Way Project (Simpson+, 2012)J/AJ/149/64 : MIPSGAL 24um point source catalog (Gutermuth+, 2015)J/ApJS/227/18 : Candidate stellar bowshock nebulae from MIR (Kobulnicky+, 2016)J/MNRAS/488/1141 : Milky Way Proj. DR2 bubbles & bow shocks (Jayasinghe+, 2019)J/AJ/158/73 : Param. of OB stars & their bow shock nebulae (Kobulnicky+, 2019)J/ApJS/251/29 : Stellar bow shock nebulae spectroscopic obs. (Chick+, 2020)J/A+A/663/A36 : Most massive stars and their clumped winds (Brands+, 2022)J/AJ/164/86 : Kinematic and astrometric data for SBN stars (Kobulnicky+, 2022)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/169/337https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/169/337http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/169/337https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/169/337https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/169/337http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/169/337GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/AJ/169/337/table2 (Apparent shape parameter measurements for IR bow shocks in the MOBStIRS final sample)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/169/337/table2?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/169/337/table2?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/169/337/table2?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true267.0319927-29.13208710.0055555555555555565/7278 7383 7605 7672 10442 10453 10553 10594-10595 6/12970 12974 14336 14340-14341 14354 14357-14358 14412 28803 28809 28812 28814-28815 28824-28825 28827-28828 28831 28878 28897 28900-28901 28903 28912 28915 28919 29090-29091 29094 29097 29101-29103 29118-29119 29163 29457 29460 29463 29504-29506 29508 29510-29511 29522-29523 29528-29529 29531 29557 30218-30219 30240-30241 30244-30245 30247 30256 30258-30259 30262-30263 30269 30306 30312-30313 30315 30318-30319 30330-30331 30416-30418 30429 30594-30595 30600 30604-30605 30607 30618-30619 30622-30623 30644-30645 30647 30694-30695 30701 30707 30712 30718-30719 32085 41597-41599 41653-41655 41657 41659-41660 41670-41671 41675-41678 41681-41685 41689 41696-41698 41755 41758-41759 41763 41765-41767 41772 41776-41777 41780-41781 41801 41805 41810-41811 41817 41824 42155 42159 42169-42173 42207 42211 42217 42220 42224-42226 42228 42387 42391-42393 42396-42397 42400 42434-42435 42438-42441 42444-42445 42447 42450 42454 42457 42460-42461 42496 42498 42500-42501 43013 43015 43019-43020 43022 43025-43026 43041https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/AJ/169/337?format=asciiInfrareddefaultJ/AJ/169/337/table2Apparent shape parameter measurements for IR bow shocks in the MOBStIRS final samplerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintSeq[1/896] Bowshock number (1)meta.idintNameSubject name, GLLL.llll+BB.bbbb or MWP2GLLL.llll+BB.bbbbb (7)meta.id;meta.maincharJ19Display the Jayasinghe+2019 (J/MNRAS/488/1141) catalog data for sources within 9"meta.ref.urlintnullablenCS[5/56] Number of citizen science classificationsmeta.numberintFrac[0.5/1] Fraction of measurements that were confidentmeta.numberfloatR0pre[-99/267] Previous R0 standoff distance measurement (2)arcsecpos.angDistancefloat_RA.icrsRight ascension (ICRS) (computed by VizieR, not part of the original data. The format may include more digits than the original data because of internal accuracy requirements in VizieR and across other CDS services)degpos.eq.raindexed_DE.icrsDeclination (ICRS) (computed by VizieR, not part of the original data. The format may include more digits than the original data because of internal accuracy requirements in VizieR and across other CDS services)degpos.eq.decindexedR0CS[3.1/247.5] Citizen science R0 standoff distance measurement (2)arcsecpos.angDistancefloatR0err[0.17/33.5] Statistical uncertainty on R0 standoff distance (2)arcsecpos.angDistancefloatR90[4.1/396.5] R90 (3)arcsecpos.angDistancefloate_R90[0.3/58.6] Uncertainty in R90 (3)arcsecstat.error;pos.angDistancefloatRc[5.6/484.8] Rc (4)arcsecpos.angDistancefloate_Rc[0.3/56.6] Uncertainty in Rcarcsecstat.error;pos.angDistancefloatO+F[1/2] Flag indicating successful classifications of original (O) and/or flipped (F) images (5)meta.codeintAsym[-99/1] Flag indicating symmetry (6)meta.codeintPlanitude[0.9/3.9] Projected planitude (Rc/R0)pos.distance;arith.ratiofloate_Planitude[0.06/1.3] Uncertainty in projected planitudestat.error;pos.angDistance;arith.ratiofloatAlatude[0.6/2.41] Projected alatude (R90/R0)pos.distance;arith.ratiofloate_Alatude[0.03/0.9] Uncertainty in projected alatudestat.error;pos.angDistance;arith.ratiofloat_GlonPositions derived from name (longitude part)degpos.galactic.lon_GlatPositions derived from name (latitude part)degpos.galactic.lat