J/AJ/169/182ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/AJ/169/182CDSDeslieres A.Cadieux C.Doyon R.Artigau E.Cook N.J.Fontanive C.,Vandal T.2026-01-09T14:11:39Z2026-01-09T15:06:32ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frradial-velocityexoplanetsbrown-dwarfsm-starsspectroscopyvisible-astronomyGl 229 is a well-known system hosting the first confirmed brown dwarf (BD), Gl 229 B, discovered in 1995. Subsequent radial velocity (RV) follow-up of the star unveiled, in 2014, an exoplanet on a 471 days orbit with a minimum mass of ~32M_{Earth}_. In 2020, a second exoplanet with a 122 days orbital period and a minimum mass of approximately 7M_{Earth}_ was reported. With its BD, now a known binary, and two exoplanets, Gl 229 has been deemed one of the most diverse systems and has sparked discussions regarding the different formation mechanisms that could have taken place around this star. This work presents a new analysis of the publicly available Gl 229 High Accuracy Radial Velocity Planet Searcher data reduced with the line-by-line precision RV algorithm resistant to spectral outliers. We find strong evidence for stellar activity impacting RV measurements. Stellar activity-induced RVs were modelled with a Gaussian process trained on the activity indicator provided by the algorithm, revealing the star's rotation period at 28.9+/-1.6d. We show that systematic errors and stellar activity are the most likely cause of the previously reported exoplanet signals. Our analysis provides a 3{sigma} upper limit of 9.1M_{Earth}_ for a planet in the system's habitable zone except for the periods close to the star's rotation period, where stellar activity worsens the limit to around 15M_{Earth}_.2025AJ....169..182Dhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/AJ/169/182CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic servicerelated-toIV/38 : TESS Input Catalog - v8.0 (TIC-8) (Stassun+, 2019)I/355 : Gaia DR3 Part 1. Main source (Gaia Collaboration, 2022)J/ApJ/704/975 : Rotational velocities for M dwarfs (Jenkins+, 2009)J/ApJS/190/1 : A survey of stellar families (Raghavan+, 2010)J/ApJ/807/45 : Potentially habitable planets orbit. M dwarfs (Dressing+, 2015)J/AJ/152/8 : Impact of stell. multiplicity on planetary sys. I. (Kraus+, 2016)J/A+A/600/A13 : HARPS M dwarf sample magnetic activity (Astudillo-Defru+, 2017)J/MNRAS/474/2094 : Inferring probabilistic stellar rot. periods (Angus+, 2018)J/A+A/612/A79 : Barnard 30 dark cloud IR and submm data (Barrado+, 2018)J/other/Nat/563.365 : Barnard's star radial velocity curve (Ribas+, 2018)J/A+A/621/A126 : CARMENES input cat. of M dwarfs. IV. (Diez Alonso+ 2019)J/ApJS/246/11 : Search for nearby earth analogs. II. RV analysis. (Feng+, 2020)J/AJ/162/61 : RV follow up of Barnard's star with HPF (Lubin+, 2021)J/A+A/650/A201 : 10 parsec sample in the Gaia era first update (Reyle+, 2021)J/AJ/164/96 : SPIRou and IRD radial velocity of TOI-1452 (Cadieux+, 2022)J/ApJS/262/21 : 3-D selection of 167 sub-stellar companions (Feng+, 2022)J/A+A/664/A64 : GJ 832 stellar activity (Gorrini+, 2022)J/A+A/660/A86 : Detection and characterization of TOI-1759 b (Martioli+, 2022)J/MNRAS/517/5050 : K2-18 HARPS time-series (Radica+, 2022)J/AJ/166/62 : New HIRES radial velocity data for V1298 Tau (Blunt+, 2023)https://archive.eso.org/cms.html : ESO Science Archive Facilityhttps://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/169/182https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/169/182http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/169/182https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/169/182https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/169/182http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/169/182GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapOpticaldefaultJ/AJ/169/182/tablea1Gl229 data obtained with the LBL methodrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintJD[52986/57661] Reduced Julian Date, JD-2,400,000dtime.epochdoubleRVel[4706/4724] Radial velocities extracted with LBL algorithm (1)m/sspect.dopplerVelocfloate_RVel[0.56/1.2] Uncertainty in RVm/sstat.error;spect.dopplerVelocfloatFWHM[3194/3276] Full-width half-maximum extracted with LBL algorithm (1)m/sspect.line.widthfloate_FWHM[1.2/2.8] Uncertainty in FWHMm/sstat.error;spect.line.widthfloat