J/AJ/165/74ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/AJ/165/74doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.51650074CDSBrinkman C.L.Cadman J.Weiss L.Gaidos E.Rice K.Huber D.,Claytor Z.R.Bonomo A.S.Buchhave L.A.Cameron A.C.Cosentino R.,Dumusque X.Martinez Fiorenzano A.F.Ghedina A.Harutyunyan A.,Howard A.Isaacson H.Latham D.W.Lopez-Morales M.Malavolta L.,Micela G.Molinari E.Pepe F.Philips D.F.Poretti E.Sozzetti A.,Udry S.2024-02-12T10:49:55Z2023-06-15T07:34:11ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frexoplanetshigh-velocity-starsvisible-astronomyspectroscopyradial-velocityRadial velocity (RVel) measurements of transiting multiplanet systems allow us to understand the densities and compositions of planets unlike those in the solar system. Kepler-102, which consists of five tightly packed transiting planets, is a particularly interesting system since it includes a super-Earth (Kepler-102d) and a sub-Neptune-sized planet (Kepler-102e) for which masses can be measured using RVs. Previous work found a high density for Kepler-102d, suggesting a composition similar to that of Mercury, while Kepler-102e was found to have a density typical of sub-Neptune size planets; however, Kepler-102 is an active star, which can interfere with RVel mass measurements. To better measure the mass of these two planets, we obtained 111 new RVels using Keck/HIRES and Telescopio Nazionale Galileo/HARPS-N and modeled Kepler-102's activity using quasiperiodic Gaussian process regression. For Kepler-102d, we report a mass upper limit Md<5.3M{Earth} (95% confidence), a best-fit mass Md=2.5{+/-}1.4M{Earth}, and a density {rho}d=5.6{+/-}3.2g/cm^3^, which is consistent with a rocky composition similar in density to the Earth. For Kepler-102e we report a mass Me=4.7{+/-}1.7M{Earth} and a density {rho}e=1.8{+/-}0.7g/cm^3^. These measurements suggest that Kepler-102e has a rocky core with a thick gaseous envelope comprising 2%-4% of the planet mass and 16%-50% of its radius. Our study is yet another demonstration that accounting for stellar activity in stars with clear rotation signals can yield more accurate planet masses, enabling a more realistic interpretation of planet interiors.2023AJ....165...74Bhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/AJ/165/74CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic servicerelated-toJ/AJ/142/112 : KIC photometric calibration (Brown+, 2011)J/ApJ/776/67 : Rotational tracks (van Saders+, 2013)J/ApJ/789/154 : Kepler-10 RV measurements by HARPS-N (Dumusque+, 2014)J/ApJS/210/20 : Small Kepler planets radial velocities (Marcy+, 2014)J/ApJ/800/135 : HARPS-N radial velocities of KOI-69 (Dressing+, 2015)J/A+A/588/A118 : Pr0211 RVs, photometry and activity indexes (Malavolta+, 2016)J/ApJ/822/86 : False positive probabilities Q1-Q17 DR24 KOIs (Morton+, 2016)J/AJ/154/109 : California-Kepler Survey. III. Planet radii (Fulton+, 2017)J/ApJ/866/99 : Radii of KIC stars & planets using Gaia DR2 (Berger+, 2018)J/AJ/156/264 : California-Kepler Survey VII Planet radius gap (Fulton+, 2018)J/AJ/155/107 : HARPS-N obs. of K2-141 planetary system (Malavolta+, 2018)J/other/RAA/19.41 : TTVs & linear ephemerides Kepler exoplanets (Gajdos+, 2019)J/AJ/157/116 : RVel of K2-291 with HIRES & HARPS-N (Kosiarek+, 2019)J/AJ/161/36 : 117 exoplanets habitable zone with Kepler DR25 (Bryson+, 2021)J/A+A/648/A103 : Thorium line list (Dumusque+, 2021)J/AJ/162/55 : 65 Transit-timing variation planets properties (Yee+, 2021)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/165/74https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/165/74http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/165/74https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/165/74https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/165/74http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/165/74GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapOpticaldefaultJ/AJ/165/74/table4Radial velocity tablerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintBJD[2455312/2459059] Barycentric Julian Date at TDBdtime.epochdoubleRVel[-13.4/9.1] Radial Velocitym/sphys.veloc;pos.heliocentricfloate_RVel[1/8] Uncertainty in RVelm/sstat.error;spect.dopplerVelocfloatSI[0.27/0.55]? Activity Indicator, S-index for HIRESspect.indexfloatnullableFWHM[6180/7783]? Activity Indicator, FWHM for HARPS-Nm/sinstr.bandwidthfloatnullableInstInstrument used; HARPS or HIRE (1)instr.telchar