J/AJ/164/213ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/AJ/164/213doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.51640213CDSGao D.-Y.Liu H.-G.Yang M.Zhou J.-L.2023-01-16T09:39:51Z2022-12-19T07:25:49ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frstellar-flaresexoplanetsphotometryvisible-astronomystellar-spectral-typeseffective-temperatureThe habitability of planets is closely connected with stellar activity, mainly the frequency of flares and the distribution of flare energy. Kepler and TESS find many flaring stars via precise time-domain photometric data, and the frequency and energy distribution of stellar flares on different types of stars are studied statistically. However, the completeness and observational bias of detected flare events from different missions (e.g., Kepler and TESS) vary a lot. We use a unified data processing and detection method for flare events based on the light curves from Kepler and TESS. Then we perform injection and recovery tests in the original light curve of each star for each flare event to correct the completeness and energy of flares. Three samples of flaring stars are selected from Kepler and TESS, with rotation periods from 1 to ~5days. Adopting a hot-blackbody assumption, our results show that the cumulative flare frequency distributions (FFDs) of the same stars in Kepler and TESS bands tend to be consistent after correction, revealing a more natural flaring frequency and energy distribution. Our results also extend the low-energy limit in cumulative FFD fitting to 1031.5-33erg on different types of stars. For solar-type stars, the average power-law index of cumulative FFD ({alpha}cum) is -0.84, which indicates that low-energy flares contribute less to the total flare energy. With a piecewise correlation between {alpha}cum and Teff, {alpha}cum first rises from M2 to K1 stars, then slightly decreases for stars hotter than K1.2022AJ....164..213Ghttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/AJ/164/213CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toIV/39 : TESS Input Catalog version 8.2 (TIC v8.2) (Paegert+, 2021)J/ApJS/173/673 : M dwarf UV flares in GALEX (Welsh+, 2007)J/AJ/141/50 : White-light flares cool stars from Kepler (Walkowicz+, 2011)J/ApJ/743/48 : Stars with Prot & X-ray luminosities (Wright+, 2011)J/A+A/543/A54 : 61 main-sequence & subgiant oscillations (Appourchaux+, 2012)J/MNRAS/432/1203 : Rotation periods of M-dwarf stars (McQuillan+, 2013)J/ApJS/208/9 : Intrinsic colors and temperatures of PMS stars (Pecaut+, 2013)J/A+A/560/A4 : Rotation periods of active Kepler stars (Reinhold+, 2013)J/ApJS/209/5 : Superflares of Kepler stars. I. (Shibayama+, 2013)J/ApJS/211/24 : Rotation periods of Kepler MS stars (McQuillan+, 2014)J/ApJ/814/35 : Flare events in M dwarf of M37 (Chang+, 2015)J/AJ/150/133 : Stellar noise 4529 Kepler solar-type dwarfs (Gilliland+, 2015)J/ApJ/829/23 : Stellar flares from Q0-Q17 Kepler LCs (Davenport, 2016)J/ApJS/224/37 : White-light flares on close binaries from Kepler (Gao+, 2016)J/ApJ/822/86 : False positive probabilities Q1-Q17 DR24 KOIs (Morton+, 2016)J/ApJ/866/99 : Radii of KIC stars & planets using Gaia DR2 (Berger+, 2018)J/ApJ/858/55 : K2 ultracool dwarfs survey. III. M6-L0 flares (Paudel+, 2018)J/ApJ/859/87 : Kepler long- and short-cadence flare parameters (Yang+, 2018)J/ApJS/241/29 : Flare catalog through LC data of Kepler DR25 (Yang+, 2019)J/AJ/159/280 : Gaia-Kepler stellar properties.I. KIC stars (Berger+, 2020)J/AJ/159/60 : 8695 flares 1228 stars in TESS sectors 1 & 2 (Gunther+, 2020)J/ApJ/890/46 : Superflares solar-type stars from TESS first year (Tu+, 2020)J/A+A/645/A42 : Flares in 5 open clusters (Ilin+, 2021)J/ApJ/906/72 : 2344 superflares on 266 solar-type stars (Okamoto+, 2021)J/MNRAS/505/L79 : Characteristic time of stellar flares (Yan+, 2021)http://astroquery.readthedocs.io : Astroquery coordinated package of astropyhttps://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/164/213https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/164/213http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/164/213https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/164/213https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/164/213http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/164/213GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/AJ/164/213/table1 (*Stellar parameters of three selected samples)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/164/213/table1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/164/213/table1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/164/213/table1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true284.139263145.23001920.0055555555555555566/18 145 14591 14760 14764 14826 14919-14920 14922 14939 14958 14969 15126 15169 15174 15200 16490-16491 16631 17018 17424 17764 17885 20636 20639 20650 21038 21118 21175 21188 21218 21415 22066 22541 22581 22594 22619 22725 22732 23011 23050 23068 23100 23130 23290 23407 23472 23495 23743 24782 24882 32937 33094 33142 33464 33531 33572 33595 33666 33838 34019 34491 34495 34523 34651 34662 34757 34790 34819 34821 34830 34886 34979 35042 35054 35375 36120 36158 36197 36237 36752-36753 36805 36809 37960 38189 38950 39044 41626 41697 41880 41972 42658 43016 43027-43028 43068 43113 43121 43123 43132 43166 43272 43371 43435 43475 43532 44034 44104 44133 44146 45490 45927 46148 46239 46520 46733 48287https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/AJ/164/213?format=asciiOpticaldefaultJ/AJ/164/213/table1*Stellar parameters of three selected samplesSimbadNameSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.idcharnullablerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintSamplesSample numbermeta.idcharTIC? TESS Input Catalog IDmeta.idlongnullableprimaryKIC? Kepler Input Catalog IDmeta.idintnullableTmag[7.78/14.56]? TESS magnitudemagphot.mag;em.optfloatnullableKmag[10.9/16.5]? Kepler magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.KfloatnullableTeff[3286/5955] Effective temperatureKphys.temperature.effectiveintRad[0.31/2.53] Stellar RadiussolRadphys.size.radiusfloatGAIAGAIA DR3 Catalog IDmeta.id;meta.mainRUWE[0.72/28.2]? GAIA DR3 Renormalised Unit Weight Errorstat.errordoublenullableGmag[8.21/16.4]? GAIA DR3 G-band mean magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.VfloatnullableTeff-G[3006/5870]? Effective temperature from GSP-PhotKphys.temperature.effectiveintnullablelogg-G[3.75/4.87]? log surface gravity from GSP-Photlog(cm.s**-2)phys.gravityfloatnullable[Fe/H]-G[-1.33/0.22]? Iron abundance from GSP-Photphys.abund.FefloatnullableRad-G[0.38/2.11]? Radius from GSP-PhotsolRadphys.size.radiusfloatnullableSpType? Spectral typesrc.spTypecharProt[1.01/29.9] Rotation period (1)dtime.periodfloatNf-prev[1/491] Number of flares in previous workmeta.numberintNf-TESS[1/106]? Number of flares detected from TESS data in this work (2)meta.numberintnullableSector? TESS data used in this workobs.fieldcharNf-Kepler[69/1602]? Number of flares detected from Kepler data in this work (3)meta.numberintnullableQuarter? Kepler data used in this workmeta.idcharSep[3.28/6.3]? Distance of nearby star to this stararcsecpos.angDistance;src.orbitaldoublenullable_RAPosition from SIMBAD (right ascension part)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEPosition from SIMBAD (declination part)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainJ/AJ/164/213/table2*The power-law parameters for fitting cumulative FFDsKICKepler Input Catalog IDmeta.idintTICTESS Input Catalog IDmeta.id;meta.mainlongT-a-Cor[-2.37/-0.5] alpha_cum_ from corrected cumulative FFD RangeAll detected by TESS (1)stat.fit.paramfloatrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintTmag[12.1/14.5] TESS apparent magnitudemagphot.magfloatProt[1.4/29.9] Rotation perioddtime.periodfloatTeff[3371/5247] Effective temperatureKphys.temperature.effectiveintTeff-G[3371/5128]? Effective temperature from GSP-PhotKphys.temperature.effectiveintnullableRUWE[0.95/2.05] GAIA DR3 Renormalised Unit Weight Errorphys.energyfloatT-E-Lo[31.3/34.1] log lower limit of TESS detected flare energylog(1e-07J)phys.energy;stat.minfloatT-E-Up[32.8/36.9] log upper limit of TESS detected flare energylog(1e-07J)phys.energy;stat.maxfloatT-a-Ori[-2.58/-0.48]? alpha_cum_ from original cumulative FFD RangeAll detected by TESS (1)stat.fit.paramfloatnullablee_T-a-Ori[0.03/0.7]? Uncertainty in T-a-Oristat.fit.paramfloatnullableT-b-Ori[15.2/83.4]? beta_cum_ from original cumulative FFD in RangeAll detected by TESSstat.fit.paramfloatnullablee_T-b-Ori[1/23]? Uncertainty in T-b-Oristat.fit.paramfloatnullablee_T-a-Cor[0.1/0.8] Uncertainty in T-a-Corstat.fit.paramfloatT-b-Cor[17.7/79] beta_cum_ from corrected cumulative FFD in RangeAll detected by TESSstat.fit.paramfloate_T-b-Cor[3/26] Uncertainty in T-b-Corstat.fit.paramfloatK-E-Lo[29.8/33.4] log Lower limit of Kepler detected flare energy in RangeAlllog(1e-07J)phys.energy;stat.minfloatK-E-Up[34.5/35.9] log Upper limit of Kepler detected flare energy in RangeAlllog(1e-07J)phys.energy;stat.maxfloatK-a-Ori[-1.83/-0.75] alpha_cum_ from original cumulative FFD in Range65 detected by Keplerstat.fit.paramfloate_K-a-Ori[0.02/0.3] Uncertainty in K-a-Oristat.fit.paramfloatK-b-Ori[23.2/62] beta_cum_ from original cumulative FFD in Range65 detected by Keplerstat.fit.paramfloate_K-b-Ori[0.7/8] Uncertainty in K-b-Oristat.fit.paramfloatK-R65[32.3/34.7] log Lower limit of Kepler detected flare energy in Range65log(1e-07J)phys.energy;stat.minfloatK-a-Cor[-1.59/-0.99] alpha_cum_ from corrected cumulative FFD in Range15 detected by Keplerstat.fit.paramfloate_K-a-Cor[0.01/0.2] Uncertaintyin K-a-Corstat.fit.paramfloatK-b-Cor[31.5/51.9] beta_cum_ from corrected cumulative FFD in Range15 detected by Keplerstat.fit.paramfloate_K-b-Cor[0.5/4] Uncertainty in K-b-Corstat.fit.paramfloatK-R15[31.9/34.3] log Lower limit of Kepler detected flare energy in Range15log(1e-07J)phys.energy;stat.minfloatJ/AJ/164/213/table3*The power-law parameters for fitting cumulative FFDsTIC? TESS Input Catalog IDmeta.idlongnullablee_R65-b-Ori[0.07/11]? Uncertainty in R65-b-Oristat.fit.paramfloatnullablerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintKIC? Kepler Input Catalog IDmeta.idintnullablea-pre[-1.88/-0.49]? alpha_cum_ form previous work (1)stat.fit.paramfloatnullableb-pre[15.9/62.9]? beta_cum_ form previous work (1)stat.fit.paramfloatnullableR-a-Ori[-1.29/-0.3] alpha_cum_ from original cumulative FFD in RangeAll detected by TESS or Keplerstat.fit.paramfloate_R-a-Ori[0.01/0.4] Uncertainty in R-a-Oristat.fit.paramfloatR-b-Ori[9.33/42.5] beta_cum_ from original cumulative FFD in RangeAll detected by TESS or Keplerstat.fit.paramfloate_R-b-Ori[0.3/11] Uncertainty in R-b-Oristat.fit.paramfloatR-a-Cor[-1.89/-0.58] alpha_cum_ from corrected cumulative FFD in RangeAll detected by TESS or Keplerstat.fit.paramfloate_R-a-Cor[0.01/0.4] Uncertainty in R-a-Corstat.fit.paramfloatR-b-Cor[19.3/63.3] beta_cum_ from corrected cumulative FFD in RangeAll detected by TESS or Keplerstat.fit.paramfloate_R-b-Cor[0.5/14] Uncertainty in R-b-Corstat.fit.paramfloatR15-a-Ori[-1.29/-0.25]? alpha_cum_ from original cumulative FFD in Range15 detected by TESS or Keplerstat.fit.paramfloatnullablee_R15-a-Ori[0.003/0.6]? Uncertainty in R15-a-Oristat.fit.paramfloatnullableR15-b-Ori[7.74/42.5]? beta_cum from original cumulative FFD in Range15 detected by TESS or Keplerstat.fit.paramfloatnullablee_R15-b-Ori[0.1/20]? Uncertainty in R15-b-Oristat.fit.paramfloatnullableR15-a-Cor[-1.59/-0.38]? alpha_cum_ from corrected cumulative FFD in Range15 detected by TESS or Keplerstat.fit.paramfloatnullablee_R15-a-Cor[0.01/0.4]? Uncertainty in R15-a-Corstat.fit.paramfloatnullableR15-b-Cor[12.5/51.9]? beta_cum_ from corrected cumulative FFD in Range15 detected by TESS or Keplerstat.fit.paramfloatnullablee_R15-b-Cor[0.4/13.2]? Uncertainty in R15-b-Corstat.fit.paramfloatnullableR65-a-Ori[-1.62/-0.35]? alpha_cum_ from original cumulative FFD in Range65 detected by TESS or Keplerstat.fit.paramfloatnullablee_R65-a-Ori[0.002/0.4]? Uncertainty in R65-alp-Oristat.fit.paramfloatnullableR65-b-Ori[10.9/54]? beta_cum_ from original cumulative FFD in Range65 detected by TESS or Keplerstat.fit.paramfloatnullableR65-a-Cor[-1.59/-0.39]? alpha_cum_ from corrected cumulative FFD in Range65 detected by TESS or Keplerstat.fit.paramfloatnullablee_R65-a-Cor[0.01/0.3]? Uncertainty in R65-a-Corstat.fit.paramfloatnullableR65-b-Cor[12.2/52]? beta_cum_ from corrected cumulative FFD in Range65 detected by TESS or Keplerstat.fit.paramfloatnullablee_R65-b-Cor[0.5/9]? Uncertainty in in R65-b-Corstat.fit.paramfloatnullableSamplesSample numbermeta.idchar