J/AJ/163/281ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/AJ/163/281doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.51630281CDSTurner J.D.Flagg L.Ridden-Harper A.Jayawardhana R.2022-11-02T06:28:30Z2022-10-18T07:39:04ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frexoplanetshigh-velocity-starsvisible-astronomyspectroscopyradial-velocityoccultationOrbital dynamics provide valuable insights into the evolution and diversity of exoplanetary systems. Currently, only one hot Jupiter, WASP-12b, is confirmed to have a decaying orbit. Another, WASP-4b, exhibits hints of a changing orbital period that could be caused by orbital decay, apsidal precession, or the acceleration of the system toward the Earth. We have analyzed all data sectors from NASA's Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite together with all radial velocity (RV) and transit data in the literature to characterize WASP-4b's orbit. Our analysis shows that the full RV data set is consistent with no acceleration toward the Earth. Instead, we find evidence of a possible additional planet in the WASP-4 system, with an orbital period of ~7000days and M_c_sin(i) of 5.47_-0.43_^+0.44^M_Jup_. Additionally, we find that the transit timing variations of all of the WASP-4b transits cannot be explained by the second planet but can be explained with either a decaying orbit or apsidal precession, with a slight preference for orbital decay. Assuming the decay model is correct, we find an updated period of 1.338231587{+/-}0.000000022days, a decay rate of -7.33{+/-}0.71ms/yr, and an orbital decay timescale of {tau}=P/|P.|=15.77{+/-}1.57Myr. If the observed decay results from tidal dissipation, we derive a modified tidal quality factor of Q_*_'=5.1{+/-}0.9x10^4^, which is an order of magnitude lower than values derived for other hot Jupiter systems. However, more observations are needed to determine conclusively the cause of WASP-4b's changing orbit and to confirm the existence of an outer companion.2022AJ....163..281Thttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/AJ/163/281CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic servicerelated-toJ/AJ/137/3826 : Two transits of the giant planet WASP-4b (Winn+, 2009)J/A+A/524/A25 : Radial Velocities on 6 exoplanet host stars (Triaud+, 2010)J/A+A/530/A5 : WASP-4b Ks-band detection of thermal emission (Caceres+, 2011)J/MNRAS/414/1278 : Eccentricities of transiting planets (Pont+, 2011)J/ApJ/733/127 : Four transits of WASP-4b (Sanchis-Ojeda+, 2011)J/A+A/539/A159 : WASP-4b transit griz light curves (Nikolov+, 2012)J/MNRAS/421/2342 : 4 Kepler systems transit time observations (Steffen+, 2012)J/ApJS/208/16 : Kepler transit timing observations. VIII. (Mazeh+, 2013)J/ApJ/785/126 : HIRES radial velocity measurements (Knutson+, 2014)J/A+A/588/L6 : WASP-12 transit light curves (Maciejewski+ 2016)J/A+A/602/A107 : 231 transiting planets eccentricity and mass (Bonomo+, 2017)J/A+A/600/A30 : Limb-darkening for TESS satellite (Claret, 2017)J/AJ/154/4 : Times of transits and occultations of WASP-12b (Patra+, 2017)J/AcA/68/371 : WASP and KELT planet transits (Maciejewski+, 2018)J/AJ/157/217 : Transit times of 5 hot Jupiter WASP exoplanets (Bouma+, 2019)J/AJ/158/190 : Main sequence hot Jupiter hosts with astrometry (Hamer+, 2019)J/AJ/158/243 : A search for multiplanet systems with TESS (Pearson, 2019)J/MNRAS/490/4230 : Transiting planet WASP-4b (Southworth+, 2019)J/ApJ/893/L29 : WASP-4 RVs & hot Jupiter predict period changes (Bouma+, 2020)J/AJ/159/150 : Transit times of 11 hot Jupiters (Patra+, 2020)J/ApJ/888/L5 : Transits, occultation times and RVs of WASP-12b (Yee+, 2020)J/AJ/161/72 : 180 Transit and occultation times for WASP-12b (Turner+, 2021)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/163/281https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/163/281http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/163/281https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/163/281https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/163/281http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/163/281GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapOpticaldefaultJ/AJ/163/281/table2All WASP-4b radial velocity measurementsrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintBJD[2454359/2458724] Barycentric Julian date; TDBdtime.epochdoubleRVel[-299/58017] Radial velocity per instrumentm/sphys.veloc;pos.heliocentricdoublee_RVel[1.7/60] Uncertainty in RVelm/sstat.error;spect.dopplerVelocdoubleInstInstrument name; CORALIE, HARPS or HIRESmeta.id;meta.maincharRefReference used for RVelmeta.ref;instr.setupcharJ/AJ/163/281/table5All WASP-4b transit and occultation timese_BJD[5e-05/0.003] The 1{sigma} uncertainty in Timedstat.errordoublerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintTypeEvent type (1)meta.notecharBJD[2454368/2459112] Barycentric Julian date; TDBdtime.epochdoubleEpoch[-1073/2471] Epoch numbermeta.id;meta.mainintTimeRefReference used for timemeta.bibcharTransRefReference used fot transitmeta.bibcharJ/AJ/163/281/refsReferences used in this paperRefReference codemeta.notecharAuthorMain autor of the referenceobs.observercharBIBBIBcodemeta.bib.bibcodecharCat.Catalog in Viziermeta.notecharNoteNote or commentmeta.notecharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordint