J/AJ/161/42ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/AJ/161/42doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.51610042CDSBest W.M.J.Liu M.C.Magnier E.A.Dupuy T.J.2021-07-05T11:25:54Z2021-03-17T09:30:37ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frbrown-dwarfsl-dwarfsstellar-spectral-typesinfrared-photometryvisible-astronomytrigonometric-parallaxWe present a new volume-limited sample of L0-T8 dwarfs out to 25pc defined entirely by parallaxes, using our recent measurements from UKIRT/WFCAM along with Gaia DR2 and literature parallaxes. With 369 members, our sample is the largest parallax-defined volume-limited sample of L and T dwarfs to date, yielding the most precise space densities for such objects. We find the local L0-T8 dwarf population includes 5.5%{+/-}1.2% young objects (<~200Myr) and 2.6%{+/-}1.6% subdwarfs, as expected from recent studies favoring representative ages <~4Gyr for the ultracool field population. This is also the first volume-limited sample to comprehensively map the transition from L to T dwarfs (spectral types ~L8-T4). After removing binaries, we identify a previously unrecognized, statistically significant (>4.4{sigma}) gap ~0.5mag wide in (J-K)_MKO_ colors in the L/T transition, i.e., a lack of such objects in our volume-limited sample, implying a rapid phase of atmospheric evolution. In contrast, the most successful models of the L/T transition to date-the "hybrid" models of Saumon & Marley-predict a pileup of objects at the same colors where we find a deficit, demonstrating the challenge of modeling the atmospheres of cooling brown dwarfs. Our sample illustrates the insights to come from even larger parallax-selected samples from the upcoming Legacy Survey of Space and Time by the Vera Rubin Obsevatory.2021AJ....161...42Bhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/AJ/161/42CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toII/246 : 2MASS All-Sky Catalog of Point Sources (Cutri+ 2003)I/311 : Hipparcos, the New Reduction (van Leeuwen, 2007)II/319 : UKIDSS-DR9 LAS, GCS and DXS Surveys (Lawrence+ 2012)II/314 : UKIDSS-DR8 LAS, GCS and DXS Surveys (Lawrence+ 2012)II/328 : AllWISE Data Release (Cutri+ 2013)II/359 : The VISTA Hemisphere Survey (VHS) catalog DR4.1 (McMahon+, 2013)I/345 : Gaia DR2 (Gaia Collaboration, 2018)II/364 : VIRAC. The VVV Infrared Astrometric Catalogue (Smith+, 2019)VII/233 : The 2MASS Extended sources (IPAC/UMass, 2003-2006)J/ApJ/414/279 : Faintest stars (Tinney, 1993)J/ApJS/94/749 : RI photometry of cool dwarfs (Kirkpatrick+ 1994)J/PASP/109/849 : Probing the LHS Catalog (Gizis+ 1997)J/A+A/338/1066 : Optical Spectra of DENIS Brown Dwarf Candidate (Tinney+,1998)J/A+A/353/958 : New proper motions in 0<RA<7h, -63<DE<-32{deg} (Scholz+,2000)J/A+A/380/590 : 30 DENIS late-M dwarfs between 15 and 30pc (Phan-bao+, 2001)J/ApJ/564/421 : Spectra of T dwarfs. I. (Burgasser+, 2002)J/AJ/123/3409 : SDSS M, L, and T dwarfs (Hawley+, 2002)J/AJ/126/1526 : IR photometry of ultracool dwarfs (Bouy+, 2003)J/AJ/126/2487 : T dwarfs in the southern hemisphere (Burgasser+, 2003)J/AJ/126/2421 : 2MASS-Selected sample of ultracool dwarfs (Cruz+, 2003)J/AJ/125/3302 : HST binary very low mass stars and brown dwarfs (Gizis+,2003)J/AJ/127/2856 : Brown dwarfs in the 2MASS Survey (Burgasser+, 2004)J/AJ/127/3553 : JHK photometry & spectroscopy for L & T dwarfs (Knapp+, 2004)J/AJ/128/463 : A preliminary 20pc census from NLTT catalogue (Reid+, 2004)J/A+A/421/643 : New nearby stars in the LEHPMS (Reyle+, 2004)J/A+A/441/653 : 32 DENIS nearby red dwarfs (Crifo+, 2005)J/A+A/435/363 : Southern Infrared Proper Motion Survey (Deacon+, 2005)J/other/ARA+A/43.195 : L and T dwarf stars (Kirkpatrick, 2005)J/A+A/440/1061 : Southern red high proper motion objects (Lodieu+, 2005)J/PASP/117/676 : LHS faint proper-motion stars (Reid+, 2005)J/ApJ/637/1067 : Near-IR spectral classification of T dwarfs (Burgasser+,2006)J/AJ/131/2722 : New L and T dwarfs from the SDSS (Chiu+, 2006)J/MNRAS/373/781 : JHK photometry of faint standard stars (Leggett+, 2006)J/PASP/118/659 : RI photometry of 2MASS late M and L dwarfs (Liebert+, 2006)J/ApJ/645/676 : Spatial distribution of brown dwarfs in Taurus (Luhman+,2006)J/AJ/132/891 : Binaries among nearby L dwarfs (Reid+, 2006)J/MNRAS/373/705 : Optical spectro. of high proper motion stars (Reyle+, 2006)J/AJ/133/439 : Luminosity function of M7-L8 ultracool dwarfs (Cruz+, 2007)J/A+A/468/163 : Sample of low mass stars with mu>0.1"/yr (Deacon+, 2007)J/AJ/134/1162 : 11 new T dwarfs in 2MASS (Looper+, 2007)J/AJ/133/2258 : Activity and kinematics of ultracool dwarfs (Schmidt+, 2007)J/ApJ/689/1295 : Li test implications for brown dwarfs (Kirkpatrick+, 2008)J/ApJ/676/1281 : L and T dwarfs in 2MASS/SDSS (Metchev+, 2008)J/MNRAS/383/831 : New DENIS nearby L and late-M dwarfs (Phan-Bao+, 2008)J/AJ/136/1290 : Ultracool dwarfs from the 2MASS (Reid+, 2008)J/AJ/135/785 : SDSS-DR5 low-mass star spectroscopic sample (West+, 2008)J/AJ/137/1 : Proper motions & astrometry late-type dwarfs (Faherty+, 2009)J/A+A/493/L27 : Parallaxes of 10 ultracool subdwarfs (Schilbach+, 2009)J/ApJ/699/649 : Young M dwarfs within 25pc. I. (Shkolnik+, 2009)J/A+A/497/619 : New ultra-cool dwarfs from SDSS and 2MASS (Zhang+, 2009)J/ApJ/710/1142 : SpeX spectroscopy of low mass binaries. I. (Burgasser+, 2010)J/A+A/510/A99 : Epsilon Indi Ba and Bb IR spectra (King+, 2010)J/ApJS/190/100 : NIR proper motion survey using 2MASS (Kirkpatrick+, 2010)J/ApJ/710/1627 : Mid-IR photometry of cold brown dwarfs (Leggett+, 2010)J/A+A/522/A112 : i'z' photometry of L5 & later dwarf candidates (Reyle+, 2010)J/AJ/139/1808 : Colors and kinematics of SDSS L dwarfs (Schmidt+, 2010)J/A+A/512/A37 : Velocities of 43 nearby L dwarfs (Seifahrt+, 2010)J/AJ/142/77 : New T dwarfs identified in Pan-STARRS 1 (Deacon+, 2011)J/ApJS/197/19 : First brown dwarfs discovered by WISE (Kirkpatrick+, 2011)J/AJ/144/62 : Tertiary companions to close spectro. binaries (Allen+, 2012)J/ApJS/201/19 : Hawaii Infrared Parallax Program. I. (Dupuy+, 2012)J/ApJ/752/56 : BDKP. III. Parallaxes for 70 ultracool dwarfs (Faherty+,2012)J/MNRAS/427/3280 : Ultra-cool dwarfs low Galactic latitudes (Folkes+, 2012)J/ApJ/753/156 : T/Y brown dwarfs with WISE photometry (Kirkpatrick+, 2012)J/A+A/545/A85 : LHS1070 photometry and spectroscopy (Rajpurohit+, 2012)J/MNRAS/433/457 : 76 T dwarfs from the UKIDSS LAS (Burningham+, 2013)J/MNRAS/430/1171 : Sub-stellar birth rate from UKIDSS (Day-Jones+, 2013)J/ApJS/205/6 : T dwarf population revealed by WISE (Mace+, 2013)J/PASP/125/809 : New nearby M, L, and T dwarfs (Thompson+, 2013)J/ApJ/794/143 : New SpeX Observations of M7-L6 Dwarfs (Bardalez+, 2014)J/ApJ/794/159 : Statistical analysis of exoplanet surveys (Brandt+, 2014)J/ApJ/792/119 : Companions to nearby stars from Pan-STARRS 1 (Deacon+, 2014)J/ApJ/783/122 : AllWISE motion survey (Kirkpatrick+, 2014)J/ApJ/787/126 : WISE reduced proper motions and spectral types (Luhman+,2014)J/AJ/147/34 : SpeX library of L-type dwarfs (Schneider+, 2014)J/MNRAS/454/593 : Young moving groups in solar neighbourhood (Bell+, 2015)J/ApJ/814/118 : L/T transition dwarfs search PS1 & WISE. II. (Best+, 2015)J/ApJS/216/7 : Planets Around Low-Mass Stars (PALMS). IV. (Bowler+, 2015)J/ApJ/810/158 : M,L,T dwarfs fundamental parameters & SEDs (Filippazzo+,2015)J/ApJS/219/33 : BANYAN. VII. Candidate YMG members from BASS (Gagne+, 2015)J/MNRAS/449/3651 : L and T dwarfs from UKIDSS LAS (Marocco+, 2015)J/AJ/149/158 : The BUD sample. I. L dwarf activity sample (Schmidt+, 2015)J/ApJS/225/10 : Kinematic analysis of M7-L8 dwarfs (Faherty+, 2016)J/ApJ/833/96 : Hawaii IR parallax program. II. Ultracool dwarfs (Liu+, 2016)J/MNRAS/455/357 : 2MASS J18212815+1414010 field stars (Sahlmann+, 2016)J/ApJ/817/112 : NEOWISE/AllWISE high proper motion objects (Schneider+, 2016)J/AJ/154/147 : Astrometry&photometry late-type dwarfs&subdwarfs (Dahn+,2017)J/MNRAS/468/3499 : Partially resolved binaries in PS1 data (Deacon+, 2017)J/ApJS/231/15 : Astro. monitoring of ultracool dwarf binaries (Dupuy+, 2017)J/AJ/154/112 : NIR spectroscopy of new L & T dwarf candidates (Kellogg+,2017)J/MNRAS/465/4723 : Log of SALT-RSS observations (Koen+, 2017)J/ApJS/234/1 : Catalog of M, L, & T dwarfs from PS1 3{pi} Survey (Best+,2018)J/AJ/155/34 : Analysis of the NIR spectra neighboring L dwarfs (Cruz+, 2018)J/ApJ/862/138 : BANYAN. XIII. Nearby young assoc. with Gaia DR2 (Gagne+, 2018)J/ApJ/867/109 : Spitzer observations of Y and T dwarfs (Martin+, 2018)J/AJ/158/187 : Confirmed members of nearby young moving groups (Baron+, 2019)J/AJ/158/182 : Discoveries from NEOWISE proper motion survey (Greco+, 2019)J/ApJS/240/19 : Parallaxes of late-T and Y dwarfs (Kirkpatrick+, 2019)J/AJ/158/13 : The first 300 stars observed by the GPIES (Nielsen+, 2019)J/AJ/159/257 : Hawaii IR parallax program. IV. L0-T8 BDs UKIRT (Best+, 2020)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/161/42https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/161/42http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/161/42https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/161/42https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/161/42http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/161/42GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/AJ/161/42/table1 (Our volume-limited 25pc L0-T8 dwarfs)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/161/42/table1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/161/42/table1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/161/42/table1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true0.056436925.90501810.0055555555555555566/10 77 221 320 544 586 672 749 762 1006 1188 1637 1703 1825 1890 2167 2291 2354 2502 2592 2608 2995 3040 3192 4116 4288 4453 4457 4635 4719 4775 4783 4790 4948 5065 5200 5817 5854 5939 6047 6072 6163 6261 6328 6550 6601 6613 6629 6761 6764 6783 6794 6804 6817 7005 7092 7192 7204 7220 7291 7362 7364 7369 7440 8215 8219 8299 8348 8402 8478 8480 8530 8625 8719 8794 8808 8995 9009 9063 9072 9073 9173 9230 9385 9417 9449 9479 9508 9534 9563 9597 9656 9715 9784 9959 9986 10142 10292 10628 10654 10665 10807 10813 10849 11164 11279 11292 11453 11468 11554 12369 12427 12466 12582 12592 12638 12944 13341 13407 13425 13432 13450 13678 13765 13885 14033 14084 14127 14351 14492 14638 14873 14926 14965 15085 15144 15320 15530 15651 16570 16856 16867 17003 17075 17137 17166 17226 17299 17334 17530 17630 17760 18032 18101 18132 18138 18156 18266 18281 18300 18423 18683 18799 18869 19121 19144 19237 19352 19369 19423 19540 19647 19657 19763 19813 19857 19895 19912 19992 19995 20141 20273 20374 20436 20754 20896 20941 20993 21111 21157 21209 21296 21319 21375 21401 21468 21637 21728 21809 21835 21880 22177 22521 22597 22681 22759 22810 22861 22919 22937 23010 23026 23086 23274 23355 23471 23654 23723 23791 23882 24345 24566 24573 24694 24769 24927 25055 25100 25231 25314 25432 25443 25558 25623 25853 25945 25966 26020 26117 26196 26210 26248 26282 26300 26514 26555 26642 26754 26908 27019 27058 27074 27201 27332 27359 27368 27514 27541 27547 27635 27653 27685 27698 27730 28006 28018 28148 28316 28344 28346 28382 28530 28612 28847 29018 29301 29305 29384 29421 29452 29657 29789 29987 30159 30749 30870 30883 31011 31062 31268 31319 31411 31502 31549 31601 31714 31747 31871 31992 31998 32260 32337 32426 32554 32609 32650 32757 34645 34780 36009 36072 36223 36418 36560 36602 36620 36845 38880 38889 39807 40191 40228 40332 40403 40485 40488 40560 40656 40669 40738 40882 40901 40947 43957 43966 43977 44013 44118 44259 44286 44658 44807 44978 47030 48231 48252 48349 48593 48637 48886 48957 491398.824067378408481e-20 2.0429600390310455e-19https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/AJ/161/42?format=asciiOpticalInfrareddefaultJ/AJ/161/42/table1Our volume-limited 25pc L0-T8 dwarfsSimbadNameSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.idcharFlagFlag (2)meta.code.errorcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintObjectObject designationmeta.id;meta.maincharDist[5.34/24.9] Distancepcpos.distancefloate_Dist[0.002/4.1] Uncertainty in Distancepcstat.errorfloatplx[40.1/187.3] Parallaxmaspos.parallax.trigfloate_plx[0.03/7.6] Uncertainty in Parallaxmasstat.error;pos.parallaxfloatSpT-optOptical spectral type (1)src.spTypecharSpT-nirNIR spectral type (1)src.spTypecharf_Ymag[0/1]? Flag on Ymag (3)meta.codeintnullableYmag[12.71/20.14]? MKO Y band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.Jfloatnullablee_Ymag[0.002/0.5]? Uncertainty in Ymagmagstat.error;phot.magfloatnullablef_Jmag[0/2]? Flag on Jmag (3)meta.codeintnullableJmag[11.64/19.64]? MKO J band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.Jfloatnullablee_Jmag[0.001/0.5]? Uncertainty in Jmagmagstat.error;phot.magfloatnullablef_Hmag[0/2]? Flag on Hmag (3)meta.codeintnullableHmag[11.01/19.7]? MKO H band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.Hfloatnullablee_Hmag[0.001/0.3]? Uncertainty in Hmagmagstat.error;phot.magfloatnullablef_Kmag[0/2]? Flag on Kmag (3)meta.codeintnullableKmag[10.43/19.89]? MKO K band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.Kfloatnullablee_Kmag[0.001/0.4]? Uncertainty in Kmagmagstat.error;phot.magfloatnullabler_ObjectReference(s) for Discoverymeta.ref;pos.framer_plxReference(s) for Parallaxmeta.ref;pos.framer_SpTReference(s) for Spectral type(s)meta.ref;pos.framer_FlagReference(s) for Flagmeta.ref;pos.framer_PhotReference(s) for photometrymeta.ref;pos.frame_RAPosition from SIMBAD (right ascension part)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainnullable_DEPosition from SIMBAD (declination part)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainnullableJ/AJ/161/42/refsReferences usedBIBReference BIBcodemeta.bib.bibcodecharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintRef[1/195] Reference numbermeta.id;meta.mainintAutorReference first autorobs.observercharCatReference catalogmeta.id;meta.datasetcharNoteCommentmeta.notechar