J/AJ/161/231ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/AJ/161/231doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.51610231CDSWolniewicz L.M.Berger T.A.Huber D.2022-10-27T09:35:23Z2021-07-28T07:44:32ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frgiant-starsdwarf-starsvisible-astronomystellar-radiiastronomical-object-identificationeffective-temperatureradial-velocityThe Kepler Mission revolutionized exoplanet science and stellar astrophysics by obtaining highly precise photometry of over 200000 stars over 4yr. A critical piece of information to exploit Kepler data is its selection function, since all targets had to be selected from a sample of half a million stars on the Kepler CCDs using limited information. Here we use Gaia DR2 to reconstruct the Kepler selection function and explore possible biases with respect to evolutionary state, stellar multiplicity, and kinematics. We find that the Kepler target selection is nearly complete for stars brighter than Kp<14mag and was effective at selecting main-sequence stars, with the fraction of observed stars decreasing from 95% to 60% between 14<Kp<16mag. We find that the observed fraction for subgiant stars is only 10% lower, confirming that a significant number of subgiants selected for observation were believed to be main-sequence stars. Conversely we find a strong selection bias against low-luminosity red giant stars (R~3-5R_{sun}_, Teff~5500K), dropping from 90% at Kp=14mag to below 30% at Kp=16mag, confirming that the target selection was efficient at distinguishing dwarfs from giants. We compare the Gaia Re-normalized Unit Weight Error (RUWE) values of the observed and nonobserved main-sequence stars and find a difference in elevated (>1.2) RUWE values at ~{sigma} significance, suggesting that the Kepler target selection shows some bias against either close or wide binaries. We furthermore use the Gaia proper motions to show that the Kepler selection function was unbiased with respect to kinematics.2021AJ....161..231Whttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/AJ/161/231CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toV/133 : Kepler Input Catalog (Kepler Mission Team, 2009)I/345 : Gaia DR2 (Gaia Collaboration, 2018)J/AJ/142/112 : KIC photometric calibration (Brown+, 2011)J/A+A/546/A10 : Multiplicity in transiting planet-host stars (Lillo-Box+, 2012)J/ApJ/753/90 : Stellar parameters of K5 & later type Kepler stars (Mann+, 2012)J/ApJ/767/95 : Improved stellar parameters smallest KIC stars (Dressing+, 2013)J/ApJ/771/107 : Spectroscopy of faint KOI stars (Everett+, 2013)J/ApJ/791/35 : Detection 715 Kepler planet candidates host stars (Law+, 2014)J/ApJ/795/64 : Catalog of exoplanet physical parameters (Foreman-Mackey+, 2014)J/ApJS/211/2 : Revised stellar properties Q1-16 Kepler targets (Huber+, 2014)J/ApJS/215/19 : APOKASC catalog of Kepler red giants (Pinsonneault+, 2014)J/ApJ/809/8 : Terrestrial planet occurrence rates for KOI stars (Burke+, 2015)J/AJ/152/8 : Impact of stellar mult. on planetary systems I. (Kraus+, 2016)J/AJ/152/18 : Robo-AO Kepler planetary candidate survey. II. (Baranec+, 2016)J/AJ/153/71 : Kepler follow-up observation program. I. Imaging (Furlan+, 2017)J/AJ/155/161 : Stars nearby Robo-AO Kepler planetary candidates (Ziegler+,2018)J/AJ/156/292 : Effect of close companions on exoplanetary radii (Teske+, 2018)J/ApJS/235/38 : Kepler planetary cand. VIII. DR25 reliability (Thompson+, 2018)J/ApJ/866/99 : Revised radii KIC stars & planets using Gaia DR2 (Berger+, 2018)J/MNRAS/474/4322 : Orbital parameters of 341 new binaries (Murphy+, 2018)J/AJ/158/109 : Occurrence rates of planets orbiting FGK stars (Hsu+, 2019)J/MNRAS/499/4114 : Properties of LMC star clusters (Gatto+, 2020)http://archive.stsci.edu/ : Mikulski Archive for Space Telecsope homepagehttps://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/161/231https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/161/231http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/161/231https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/161/231https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/161/231http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/161/231GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/AJ/161/231/table1 (Stellar properties of all stars that fall on the Kepler CCDs)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/161/231/table1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/161/231/table1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/161/231/table1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true291.0387336.5981290.0055555555555555564/922-923 933-935 944-946 5/3645-3647 3683 3704 3706 3729-3731 3760 3765 3788-3789 3792-3793 6/14559 14567 14573 14575 14577-14579 14730-14731 14738 14744 14746-14747 14749-14751 14792 14794-14795 14822 14828 14830-14831 14914-14915 15044-15045 15056-15057 15059 15160-15161 15164 15176-15178 15200 15202 15232-15233https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/AJ/161/231?format=asciiOpticaldefaultJ/AJ/161/231/table1Stellar properties of all stars that fall on the Kepler CCDsDist[4/9297] Distancepcpos.distance;src.orbitalintRUWE[0.63/68.7]? Gaia Re-normalized Unit Weight Errorstat.errorfloatnullableRVel[0.06/575] Radial velocitykm/sphys.veloc;pos.heliocentricfloatClass[0/2] Evolutionary state (3)meta.code.classintSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlchar_RAPosition from Kepler Input Catalog (V/133) (right ascension part)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainnullableindexed_DEPosition from Kepler Input Catalog (V/133) (declination part)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainnullableindexedrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintKICKepler Input Catalog identifiermeta.id;meta.mainintGaiaGaia DR2 identifiermeta.id.crossObs[0/1] Observation flag (1)meta.codeintHost[0/1] Host flag (2)meta.codeintKmag[4.49/16] Apparent Kepler magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.KfloatTeff[2469/19297] Effective temperatureKphys.temperature.effectiveintRad[0.14/796] RadiussolRadphys.size.radiusfloat