J/AJ/161/203ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/AJ/161/203doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.51610203CDSAnderson S.G.Dittmann J.A.Ballard S.Bedell M.2021-09-16T11:42:46Z2021-08-13T07:14:25ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frexoplanetsdwarf-starsm-starslate-type-starsastronomical-object-identificationinfrared-photometryvisible-astronomyWide-band photometryeffective-temperaturetrigonometric-parallaxThe planet-metallicity correlation serves as a potential link between exoplanet systems as we observe them today and the effects of bulk composition on the planet formation process. Many observers have noted a tendency for Jovian planets to form around stars with higher metallicities; however, there is no consensus on a trend for smaller planets. Here, we investigate the planet-metallicity correlation for rocky planets in single and multi-planet systems around Kepler M-dwarf and late-K-dwarf stars. Due to molecular blanketing and the dim nature of these low-mass stars, it is difficult to make direct elemental abundance measurements via spectroscopy. We instead use a combination of accurate and uniformly measured parallaxes and photometry to obtain relative metallicities and validate this method with a subsample of spectroscopically determined metallicities. We use the Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) test, Mann-Whitney U-test, and Anderson-Darling (AD) test to compare the compact multiple planetary systems with single-transiting planet systems and systems with no detected transiting planets. We find that the compact multiple planetary systems are derived from a statistically more metal-poor population, with a p-value of 0.015 in the K-S test, a p-value of 0.005 in the Mann-Whitney U-test, and a value of 2.574 in the AD test statistic, which exceeds the derived threshold for significance by a factor of 25. We conclude that metallicity plays a significant role in determining the architecture of rocky planet systems. Compact multiples either form more readily, or are more likely to survive on gigayear timescales, around metal-poor stars.2021AJ....161..203Ahttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/AJ/161/203CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toV/133 : Kepler Input Catalog (Kepler Mission Team, 2009)I/345 : Gaia DR2 (Gaia Collaboration, 2018)J/ApJ/622/1102 : The planet-metallicity correlation. (Fischer+, 2005)J/PASP/121/117 : Fe & Ti abundances 12 low-metallicity M stars (Woolf+, 2009)J/AJ/142/112 : KIC photometric calibration (Brown+, 2011)J/ApJS/197/8 : Kepler candidate multiple transiting planets (Lissauer+, 2011)J/other/Nat/486.375 : Stellar parameters of KOI stars (Buchhave+, 2012)J/ApJ/753/90 : Stellar parameters K5 & later type Kepler stars (Mann+, 2012)J/ApJ/750/L37 : Stellar parameters of low-mass KOIs (Muirhead+, 2012)J/ApJ/748/93 : K-band spectra for 133 nearby M dwarfs (Rojas-Ayala+, 2012)J/ApJ/767/95 : Improved stellar param. smallest KIC stars (Dressing+, 2013)J/ApJ/771/107 : Spectroscopy of faint KOI stars (Everett+, 2013)J/ApJS/211/2 : Revised stellar properties Q1-16 Kepler targets (Huber+, 2014)J/ApJS/213/5 : Cool KOIs. VI. H- and K- band spectra (Muirhead+, 2014)J/AJ/147/20 : Spectroscopy of 447 nearby M dwarfs (Newton+, 2014)J/ApJ/807/45 : Potentially habit. planets orbiting M dwarfs (Dressing+, 2015)J/ApJ/814/130 : Planet occurrence rates calculated for KOIs (Mulders+, 2015)J/ApJS/220/16 : SpeX NIR survey of 886 nearby M dwarfs (Terrien+, 2015)J/AJ/152/141 : Solar neighborhood. XXXVII. RVs for M dwarfs (Benedict+, 2016)J/ApJ/828/99 : Kepler pipeline transit sig. recovery.III (Christiansen+,2016)J/ApJ/818/153 : MEarth photometry: nearby M-dwarf magnitudes (Dittmann+, 2016)J/AJ/152/8 : Impact stellar multiplicity planetary systems I (Kraus+, 2016)J/AJ/152/187 : Planet occurrence & stellar metallicity KOIs (Mulders+, 2016)J/AJ/153/71 : Kepler follow-up observation program I Imaging (Furlan+, 2017)J/ApJ/866/99 : Revised rad KIC stars & planets using Gaia DR2 (Berger+, 2018)J/ApJS/235/38 : Kepler planetary cand. VIII. DR25 reliability (Thompson+,2018)J/AJ/156/254 : CKS .VI. Kepler multis & singles (Weiss+, 2018)J/AJ/156/259 : Robo-AO detected close binaries in Gaia DR2 (Ziegler+, 2018)J/AJ/158/75 : Mid-type M dwarfs planet occurrences (Hardegree-Ullman+, 2019)J/AJ/158/109 : Occurrence rates of planets orbiting FGK stars (Hsu+, 2019)J/ApJ/871/63 : How to constrain your M dwarf.II Nearby binaries (Mann+, 2019)J/AJ/157/216 : Stellar multiplicity rate Mdwarfs within 25pc (Winters+, 2019)http://archive.stsci.edu/ : MAST homepagehttp://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/ : NASA exoplanet archives homepagehttps://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/161/203https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/161/203http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/161/203https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/161/203https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/161/203http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/161/203GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/AJ/161/203/table2 (Full M and late-K-dwarfs data)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/161/203/table2?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/161/203/table2?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/161/203/table2?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true286.602239.882710.0055555555555555564/922-923 933-935 944-946 5/3645-3647 3683 3704 3706 3729-3731 3760 3765 3788-3789 3792 6/14567 14573 14575 14577-14579 14730-14731 14738 14744 14746-14747 14750-14751 14792 14794-14795 14828 14830 14914-14915 15044-15045 15057 15059 15160-15161 15172-15174 15176-15178 15200 15232-152338.650015785639275e-20 3.916500758235022e-19https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/AJ/161/203?format=asciiOpticalInfrareddefaultJ/AJ/161/203/table2Full M and late-K-dwarfs datarecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintKICKepler Input Catalog identifiermeta.id;meta.mainintNGaiaDisplay data from Gaia DR2 (I/345) within 1"meta.ref.urlintnullablegmag[11.5/21.6] Apparent g band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.optfloate_gmag[0.025] Uncertainty in gmagmagstat.error;phot.magfloatrmag[10.5/20.1] Apparent r band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.Rfloate_rmag[0.02] Uncertainty in rmagmagstat.error;phot.magfloatimag[10/19.4] Apparent i band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.Ifloate_imag[0.02] Uncertainty in imagmagstat.error;phot.magfloatJmag[8.54/17] 2MASS apparent J band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.Jfloate_Jmag[0/0.28] Uncertainty in Jmagmagstat.error;phot.magfloatHmag[7.9/16.5] 2MASS apparent H band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.Hfloate_Hmag[0/0.39] Uncertainty in Hmagmagstat.error;phot.magfloatKsmag[7.79/15.8] 2MASS apparent Ks band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.Kfloate_Ksmag[0/0.24] Uncertainty in Ksmagmagstat.error;phot.magfloatBPmag[11.2/20.7] Gaia DR2 apparent blue magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.Bfloate_BPmag[0/0.16] Uncertainty in Bpmagmagstat.error;phot.magfloatGmag[10.5/19.2] Gaia DR2 apparent broad magnitudemagphot.mag;em.optfloate_Gmag[0.0002/0.03] Uncertainty in Gmagmagstat.error;phot.magfloatRPmag[9.67/18.3] Gaia DR2 apparent red magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.Rfloate_RPmag[0/0.06] Uncertainty in Rpmagmagstat.error;phot.magfloatplx[1/52.2] Gaia DR2 parallaxmaspos.parallax.trigfloate_plx[0/0.82] Uncertainty in plxmasstat.error;pos.parallaxfloatNKOIs[0/5] Number of Kepler Objects of Interestmeta.numberfloatNPlanet[0/6] Number of confirmed planetsmeta.numberfloatGOF[0/6.82] Gaia DR2 goodnes of fit; section 3.3stat.fit.goodnessfloatNHuberDisplay data from Hubert+, 2014, J/ApJS/211/2 within 1"meta.ref.urlintnullablelogg[-2/0.56] log surface gravity (1)log(cm.s**-2)phys.gravityfloatTeff[2500/4499] Effective temperature (2)Kphys.temperature.effectivefloat_RAPosition from Kepler Input Catalog (V/133) (right ascension part)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainnullable_DEPosition from Kepler Input Catalog (V/133) (declination part)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainnullable