J/AJ/160/253ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/AJ/160/253doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.51600253CDSLu C.X.Schlaufman K.C.Cheng S.2021-12-07T01:27:22Z2021-02-17T05:28:06ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frdwarf-starslate-type-starsexoplanetsinfrared-photometryvisible-astronomyWide-band photometryWhile it is well-established that giant-planet occurrence rises rapidly with host star metallicity, it is not yet clear if small-planet occurrence around late-type dwarf stars depends on host star metallicity. Using the Kepler Data Release 25 planet candidate list and its completeness data products, we explore planet occurrence as a function of metallicity in the Kepler field's late-type dwarf stellar population. We find that planet occurrence increases with metallicity for all planet radii Rp down to at least Rp~2R{Earth}, and that in the range 2R{Earth}<~Rp<~5R{Earth}, planet occurrence scales linearly with metallicity Z. Extrapolating our results, we predict that short-period planets with Rp<~2R{Earth} should be rare around early-M dwarf stars with [M/H]<~-0.5 or late-M dwarf stars with [M/H]<~+0.0. This dependence of planet occurrence on metallicity observed in the Kepler field emphasizes the need to control for metallicity in estimates of planet occurrence for late-type dwarf stars like those targeted by Kepler's K2 extension and the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite. We confirm the theoretical expectation that the small-planet occurrence-host star metallicity relation is stronger for low-mass stars than for solar-type stars. We establish that the expected solid mass in planets around late-type dwarfs in the Kepler field is comparable to the total amount of planet-making solids in their protoplanetary disks. We argue that this high efficiency of planet formation favors planetesimal accretion over pebble accretion as the origin of the small planets observed by Kepler around late-type dwarf stars.2020AJ....160..253Lhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/AJ/160/253CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toB/simbad : Simbad objects catalogue (M.Wenger 2000)V/133 : Kepler Input Catalog (Kepler Mission Team, 2009)I/337 : Gaia DR1 (Gaia Collaboration, 2016)I/345 : Gaia DR2 (Gaia Collaboration, 2018)VII/233 : The 2MASS Extended sources (IPAC/UMass, 2003-2006)J/ApJ/622/1102 : The planet-metallicity correlation. (Fischer+, 2005)J/A+A/487/373 : Spectroscopic parameters 451 HARPS-GTO stars (Sousa+, 2008)J/AJ/142/112 : KIC photometric calibration (Brown+, 2011)J/other/Nat/486.375 : Stellar parameters of KOI stars (Buchhave+, 2012)J/ApJ/753/90 : Stellar param. of K5 & later type Kepler stars (Mann+, 2012)J/ApJ/748/93 : K-band spectra for 133 nearby M dwarfs (Rojas-Ayala+, 2012)J/ApJ/771/129 : Submillimetric Class II sources of Taurus (Andrews+, 2013)J/AJ/145/52 : Abund. of late K & M dwarfs in binary systems (Mann+, 2013)J/ApJ/770/43 : Spectroscopic [Fe/H] of Kepler stars (Mann+, 2013)J/ApJ/765/L41 : Asteroseismic classification of KIC objects (Stello+, 2013)J/ApJS/211/2 : Stellar properties of Q1-16 Kepler targets (Huber+, 2014)J/ApJS/213/5 : Cool KOIs. VI. H- and K- band spectra (Muirhead+, 2014)J/AJ/147/20 : Spectroscopy of 447 nearby M dwarfs (Newton+, 2014)J/ApJ/808/187 : Metallicities of KIC stars without planets (Buchhave+, 2015)J/ApJ/807/45 : Habitable planets orbiting M dwarfs (Dressing+, 2015)J/ApJS/217/31 : Kepler planetary candidates.VI. 4yr Q1-Q16 (Mullally+, 2015)J/ApJ/827/50 : Kepler faint red giants (Mathur+, 2016)J/MNRAS/463/1297 : Asteroseismology of 1523 misclassified red giants (Yu+,2016)J/ApJ/834/17 : Mass & radius of planets, moons, low mass stars (Chen+,2017)J/AJ/154/109 : California-Kepler Survey. III. Planet radii (Fulton+, 2017)J/AJ/156/18 : APOGEE DR14:Binary companions stars (Price-Whelan+, 2018)J/ApJ/866/99 : Radii of KIC stars & planets using Gaia DR2 (Berger+, 2018)J/AJ/156/264 : California-Kepler Survey.VII. Planet radius (Fulton+, 2018)J/AJ/155/89 : California-Kepler Survey (CKS). IV. Planets (Petigura+,2018)J/ApJS/235/38 : Kepler planetary cand.VIII. DR25reliability (Thompson+,2018)J/ApJS/236/42 : Asteroseismology of ~16000 Kepler red giants (Yu+, 2018)J/AJ/158/190 : Main seq. Jupiter hosts with good astrometry (Hamer+, 2019)J/A+A/641/A170 : Ultracool dwarf K2 light curves (Sestovic+, 2020)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/160/253https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/160/253http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/160/253https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/160/253https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/160/253http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/160/253GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/AJ/160/253/table1 (Late-type dwarf Kepler targets with at least 1 DR25 planet candidate with Rp<=5R_Earth_)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/160/253/table1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/160/253/table1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/160/253/table1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true281.0501147.18814810.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/AJ/160/253/table2 (Late-type dwarf Kepler targets with no observed planet candidates)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/160/253/table2?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/160/253/table2?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/160/253/table2?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true279.7087843.535350.0055555555555555564/922-923 933-935 944-946 5/3645-3647 3683 3704 3706 3729-3731 3760 3788-3789 3792 6/14567 14573 14575 14577-14579 14730-14731 14738 14744 14746-14747 14749-14751 14792 14794-14795 14822 14828 14830 14914-14915 15044-15045 15057 15059-15062 15160-15161 15172-15174 15176-15178 15200 152323.830199579824256e-20 6.513807192489934e-20https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/AJ/160/253?format=asciiOpticalInfrareddefaultJ/AJ/160/253/table1Late-type dwarf Kepler targets with at least 1 DR25 planet candidate with Rp<=5R_Earth_recnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintKICKepler Input Catalog numbermeta.id;meta.mainintKeplerKepler namemeta.id.crosscharKOIKepler Object of Interest namemeta.id.crosscharRAJ2000[281/301] Right Ascension (J2000)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000[37.3/51.2] Declination (J2000)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainrmag[13.98/16.68] Apparent r band magnitude (1)magphot.mag;em.opt.Rfloatzmag[12.45/15.63] Apparent z band magnitude (1)magphot.mag;em.opt.IfloatW1mag[10.15/13.43] WISE W1 (3.4um) band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.3-4umfloate_W1mag[0.02/0.05] Uncertainty in W1magmagstat.error;phot.magfloatW2mag[10.09/13.38] WISE W2 (4.6um) band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.4-8umfloate_W2mag[0.02/0.04] Uncertainty in W2magmagstat.error;phot.magfloatSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharJ/AJ/160/253/table2Late-type dwarf Kepler targets with no observed planet candidatesrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintKICKepler Input Catalog numbermeta.id;meta.mainintRAJ2000[279/302] Right Ascension (J2000)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000[36.6/52.4] Declination (J2000)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainrmag[10.54/16.41] Apparent r band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.Rfloatzmag[9.71/15.57] Apparent z band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.IfloatW1mag[7.66/13.93] WISE W1 (3.4um) band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.3-4umfloate_W1mag[0.02/0.08] Uncertainty in W1magmagstat.error;phot.magfloatW2mag[7.69/13.8] WISE W2 (4.6um) band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.4-8umfloate_W2mag[0.018/0.072] Uncertainty in W2magmagstat.error;phot.magfloatSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharJ/AJ/160/253/table4Occurrence of small planet candidates in the Kepler field with late-type dwarf primaries as a function of metallicityrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintLowRad[0.5/4.5] Lower planetary radius boundary(6.3781x10+6m)phys.size.radiusfloatUpRad[1/5] Upper planetary radius boundary(6.3781x10+6m)phys.size.radiusfloatLowPer[0.3/107] Lower orbital period boundarydtime.period;stat.minfloatUpPer[0.5/208] Upper orbital period boundarydtime.period;stat.maxfloatOccur[0.1/46] Occurrence percentage%stat.fit.paramfloatE_Occur[0.2/35] Upper uncertainty in Occur%stat.error;stat.maxfloate_Occur[0.1/31] Lower uncertainty in Occur%stat.error;stat.minfloatMetalMetallicity description (1)meta.codecharDet[0/1] Planet candidate detection flag (2)meta.code.errorintComplete[0.01/19.17] Completenessmeta.notefloatNumEquiv[0/640] Equivalent number of stars searched%meta.numberint