J/AJ/160/22ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/AJ/160/22doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.51600022CDSCloutier R.Rodriguez J.E.Irwin J.Charbonneau D.Stassun K.G.,Mortier A.Latham D.W.Isaacson H.Howard A.W.Udry S.Wilson T.G.,Watson C.A.Pinamonti M.Lienhard F.Giacobbe P.Guerra P.,Collins K.A.Beiryla A.Esquerdo G.A.Matthews E.Matson R.A.,Howell S.B.Furlan E.Crossfield I.J.M.Winters J.G.Nava C.Ment K.,Lopez E.D.Ricker G.Vanderspek R.Seager S.Jenkins J.M.Ting E.B.,Tenenbaum P.Sozzetti A.Sha L.Segransan D.Schlieder J.E.,Sasselov D.Roy A.Robertson P.Rice K.Poretti E.Piotto G.,Phillips D.Pepper J.Pepe F.Molinari E.Mocnik T.Micela G.,Mayor M.Martinez Fiorenzano A.F.Mallia F.Lubin J.Lovis C.,Lopez-Morales M.Kosiarek M.R.Kielkopf J.F.Kane S.R.Jensen E.L.N.,Isopi G.Huber D.Hill M.L.Harutyunyan A.Gonzales E.Giacalone S.,Ghedina A.Ercolino A.Dumusque X.Dressing C.D.Damasso M.Dalba P.A.,Cosentino R.Conti D.M.Colon K.D.Collins K.I.Cameron A.C.Ciardi D.,Christiansen J.Chontos A.Cecconi M.Caldwell D.A.Burke C.,Buchhave L.Beichman C.Behmard A.Beard C.Akana Murphy J.M.2021-09-16T09:54:29Z2020-10-16T12:06:31ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frdwarf-starsm-starsvisible-astronomyspectroscopyphotometryradial-velocityexoplanetsSmall planets on close-in orbits tend to exhibit envelope mass fractions of either effectively zero or up to a few percent depending on their size and orbital period. Models of thermally driven atmospheric mass loss and of terrestrial planet formation in a gas-poor environment make distinct predictions regarding the location of this rocky/nonrocky transition in period-radius space. Here we present the confirmation of TOI-1235b (P=3.44days, r_p_=1.738_-0.076_^+0.087^R_{Earth}_), a planet whose size and period are intermediate between the competing model predictions, thus making the system an important test case for emergence models of the rocky/nonrocky transition around early M dwarfs (R_s_=0.630{+/-}0.015R_{sun}_, M_s_=0.640{+/-}0.016M_{sun}_). We confirm the TESS planet discovery using reconnaissance spectroscopy, ground-based photometry, high- resolution imaging, and a set of 38 precise radial velocities (RVs) from HARPS-N and HIRES. We measure a planet mass of 6.91_-0.85_^+0.75^M_{Earth}_, which implies an iron core mass fraction of 20_-12_^+15^% in the absence of a gaseous envelope. The bulk composition of TOI-1235b is therefore consistent with being Earth-like, and we constrain an H/He envelope mass fraction to be <0.5% at 90% confidence. Our results are consistent with model predictions from thermally driven atmospheric mass loss but not with gas-poor formation, suggesting that the former class of processes remains efficient at sculpting close-in planets around early M dwarfs. Our RV analysis also reveals a strong periodicity close to the first harmonic of the photometrically determined stellar rotation period that we treat as stellar activity, despite other lines of evidence favoring a planetary origin (P=21.8_-0.8_^+0.9^days, m_p_sini=13.0_-5.3_^+3.8^M_{Earth}_) that cannot be firmly ruled out by our data.2020AJ....160...22Chttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/AJ/160/22CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic servicerelated-toI/259 : The Tycho-2 Catalogue (Hog+ 2000)II/335 : Revised catalog of GALEX UV sources (GUVcat_AIS GR6+7)(Bianchi+ 2017)I/345 : Gaia DR2 (Gaia Collaboration, 2018)IV/38 : TESS Input Catalog - v8.0 (TIC-8) (Stassun+, 2019)J/AJ/123/2822 : Photometry of southern NLTT stars (Reid+, 2002)J/MNRAS/370/954 : VRIHalpha photometry of M34 (Irwin+, 2006)J/A+A/468/1115 : Thorium and argon lines in the visible (Lovis+, 2007)J/A+A/529/A75 : Limb-darkening coefficients (Claret+, 2011)J/AJ/142/19 : Speckle observations of KOI (Howell+, 2011)J/ApJ/743/48 : Stars with Prot and X-ray luminosities (Wright+, 2011)J/ApJS/200/15 : HARPS-TERRA project. I. (Anglada-Escude+, 2012)J/A+A/546/A27 : Radial velocity and photometry for GJ3470 (Bonfils+, 2012)J/ApJ/798/41 : GALEX NUV obs. of bright M-type stars (Ansdell+, 2015)J/ApJ/800/135 : HARPS-N radial velocities of KOI-69 (Dressing+, 2015)J/ApJ/804/64 : Empirical and model parameters of 183 M dwarfs (Mann+, 2015)J/AJ/152/141 : Solar neighborhood. XXXVII. RVs M dwarfs (Benedict+, 2016)J/ApJ/821/93 : Rot. & Galactic kinematics of mid M dwarfs (Newton+, 2016)J/AJ/152/180 : Bolom. fluxes of eclipsing bin. in Tycho-2 (Stassun+, 2016)J/MNRAS/463/1844 : M dwarfs rotation-activity relation (Stelzer+, 2016)J/AJ/154/109 : California-Kepler Survey III. Planet radii (Fulton+, 2017)J/ApJ/834/85 : H{alpha} emission in nearby M dwarfs (Newton+, 2017)J/AJ/153/136 : Planets and their host stars with Gaia plxs (Stassun+, 2017)J/ApJ/836/77 : Library of high-S/N optical spectra FGKM stars (Yee+, 2017)J/ApJ/865/68 : Abundances for 79 Sun-like stars within 100pc (Bedell+,2018)J/A+A/618/A142 : Radial velocity for GJ 1132 (Bonfils+, 2018)J/A+A/615/A69 : K2-3 system characterized HARPS-N & HARPS (Damasso+, 2018)J/AJ/156/264 : California-Kepler Survey VII. Planet rad gap (Fulton+, 2018)J/AJ/155/136 : Planets orbiting bright stars in K2 campaigns (Mayo+, 2018)J/AJ/155/180 : Catalog of cool dwarf targets for the TESS (Muirhead+, 2018)J/AJ/156/102 : TESS Input Catalog & Candidate Target List (Stassun+, 2018)J/AJ/158/81 : Low-mass stars from the first 2 TESS sectors (Cloutier,2019)J/A+A/629/A111 : L 98-59 (TOI 175) HARPS observations (Cloutier+, 2019)J/A+A/621/A49 : K2-18 HARPS time-series (Cloutier+, 2019)J/A+A/628/A39 : Radial velocities of GJ 357 (Luque+, 2019)J/ApJ/874/107 : HARPS-N solar radial velocities & activity (Milbourne+,2019)J/AJ/159/211 : Exoplanets parameters from Kepler and K2 (Cloutier+, 2020)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/160/22https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/160/22http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/160/22https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/160/22https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/160/22http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/160/22GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapOpticaldefaultJ/AJ/160/22/table2Radial velocity time series of TOI-1235 from HARPS-N & HIRESrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintBJD[1828/1922] Barycentric Julian Date, BJD-2457000dtime.epochdoubleRVel[-7.9/9.7] Radial velocitym/sphys.veloc;pos.heliocentricfloate_RVel[0.81/2.2] Uncertainty in RVm/sstat.error;spect.dopplerVelocfloatInstInstrument used (1)instr.setupcharJ/AJ/160/22/fig3TOI-1235 differential light curve from archival MEarth-North photometryrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintBJD[2454741/2457337] Barycentric Julian Datedtime.epochdoubleFlux[0.89/1.1] Normalized fluxphot.flux;arith.ratiodoublee_Flux[0.001/0.03] Error, Fluxstat.error;phot.fluxdouble