J/AJ/159/211ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/AJ/159/211doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.51590211CDSCloutier R.Menou K.2020-09-01T10:21:36Z2020-06-25T12:37:42ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frexoplanetsdwarf-starsWe present calculations of the occurrence rate of small close-in planets around low-mass dwarf stars using the known planet populations from the Kepler and K2 missions. Applying completeness corrections clearly reveals the radius valley in the maximum a posteriori occurrence rates as a function of orbital separation and planet radius. We measure the slope of the valley to be r_p,valley_{prop}F^-0.060{+/-}0.025^, which bears the opposite sign from that measured around Sun-like stars, thus suggesting that thermally driven atmospheric mass loss may not dominate the evolution of planets in the low stellar mass regime or that we are witnessing the emergence of a separate channel of planet formation. The latter notion is supported by the relative occurrence of rocky to non-rocky planets increasing from 0.5{+/-}0.1 around mid-K dwarfs to 8.5{+/-}4.6 around mid-M dwarfs. Furthermore, the center of the radius valley at 1.54{+/-}0.16R{earth} is shown to shift to smaller sizes with decreasing stellar mass, in agreement with physical models of photoevaporation, core-powered mass loss, and gas-poor formation. Although current measurements are insufficient to robustly identify the dominant formation pathway of the radius valley, such inferences may be obtained by the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite with O(85000) mid-to-late M dwarfs observed with 2minutes cadence. The measurements presented herein also precisely designate the subset of planetary orbital periods and radii that should be targeted in radial velocity surveys to resolve the rocky to non-rocky transition around low-mass stars.2020AJ....159..211Chttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/AJ/159/211CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toV/133 : Kepler Input Catalog (Kepler Mission Team, 2009)IV/34 : K2 Ecliptic Plane Input Catalog (EPIC) (Huber+, 2017)I/347 : Distances to 1.33 billion stars in Gaia DR2 (Bailer-Jones+, 2018)IV/38 : TESS Input Catalog - v8.0 (TIC-8) (Stassun+, 2019)J/AJ/106/773 : Mass-luminosity relation (Henry+, 1993)J/ApJ/757/112 : Stellar diameters. II. K and M-stars (Boyajian+, 2012)J/A+A/546/A14 : Limb-darkening for CoRoT, Kepler, Spitzer (Claret+, 2012)J/MNRAS/422/2024 : X-ray-age relation and exoplanet evaporation (Jackson+,2012)J/A+A/549/A109 : HARPS XXXI. The M-dwarf sample (Bonfils+, 2013)J/ApJ/767/95 : Stellar parameters of smallest KIC stars (Dressing+, 2013)J/ApJ/791/10 : Radius distribution planets around cool stars (Morton+,2014)J/AJ/148/64 : HAZMAT. I. FUV & NUV emission early M stars (Shkolnik+,2014)J/ApJ/809/8 : Terres. planet occurrence rates for KOI stars (Burke+, 2015)J/ApJ/810/95 : Kepler pipeline S/N studies. II. 2011 (Christiansen+, 2015)J/ApJ/807/45 : Habitable planets orbiting M dwarfs (Dressing+, 2015)J/ApJ/804/64 : Empirical and model parameters of 183 M dwarfs (Mann+, 2015)J/ApJ/809/25 : Stellar & planet properties K2 candidates (Montet+, 2015)J/ApJ/814/130 : Planet occurrence rates calculated for KOIs (Mulders+,2015)J/ApJ/828/99 : Kepler pipeline transit recovery. III. (Christiansen+, 2016)J/ApJS/226/7 : Planet candidates using K2's 1st yr (Crossfield+, 2016)J/MNRAS/457/2877 : Kepler M dwarf stars revised properties (Gaidos+, 2016)J/AJ/152/105 : Kepler-80 transit timing observations (MacDonald+, 2016)J/ApJ/834/17 : Mass & radius of planets, moons, low mass stars (Chen+,2017)J/AJ/154/207 : K2 planet. systems orbiting low-mass stars (Dressing+, 2017)J/ApJ/844/102 : KIC star plxs from asteroseismology vs Gaia (Huber+, 2017)J/ApJS/229/30 : Stellar properties of Q1-17 Kepler targets (Mathur+, 2017)J/ApJS/239/2 : Simulated exoplanets from TESS targets (Barclay+, 2018)J/ApJ/866/99 : Radii of KIC stars & planets using Gaia DR2 (Berger+, 2018)J/MNRAS/479/5491 : Absolute parameters of 509 main-sequence stars (Eker+, 2018)J/AJ/156/264 : California-Kepler Survey. VII. Planet radius (Fulton+, 2018)J/AJ/156/277 : 60 planets from K2 campaigns 5-8 (Livingston+, 2018)J/AJ/155/136 : Planets orbiting bright stars in K2 campaigns (Mayo+, 2018)J/AJ/158/81 : Low-mass stars from the first 2 TESS sectors (Cloutier,2019)J/AJ/158/75 : M dwarfs planet occurrence rates (Hardegree-Ullman+, 2019)J/ApJS/244/11 : Planet candidates and EBs in K2 campaigns 0-8 (Kruse+, 2019)J/AJ/157/216 : Stars multipl. rate of M dwarfs within 25 pc (Winters+,2019)J/ApJS/247/28 : K2 stars from Gaia & LAMOST (Hardegree-Ullman+, 2020)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/159/211https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/159/211http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/159/211https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/159/211https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/159/211http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/159/211GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/AJ/159/211/table1 (Kepler confirmed planet parameters)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/159/211/table1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/159/211/table1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/159/211/table1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true286.594257537.89125640.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/AJ/159/211/table2 (K2 confirmed planet parameters)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/159/211/table2?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/159/211/table2?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/159/211/table2?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true182.700205-6.29421060.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/AJ/159/211/table3 (Planets with >=3{sigma} bulk density measurements around low-mass stars)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/159/211/table3?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/159/211/table3?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/159/211/table3?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true144.0068219-21.66079940.0055555555555555565/3646 3736 3742 3743 3777 3785 6/282 285 328 353 404 449 464 1064 4698 4720 4867 4875 14278 14579 14581 14582 14583 14590 14591 14734 14751 14753 14754 14756 14757 14763 14764 14766 14768 14770 14771 14772 14773 14776 14778 14779 14781 14782 14792 14794 14818 14819 14824 14825 14830 14915 14918 14919 14921 14922 14929 14930 14931 14932 14933 14935 14937 14939 14941 14948 14950 14952 14953 14954 14957 14958 14959 14963 14964 14965 14966 15040 15060 15061 15104 15105 15107 15112 15114 15115 15116 15118 15119 15121 15123 15126 15127 15128 15129 15133 15134 15137 15138 15139 15145 15146 15148 15149 15157 15158 15160 15170 15171 15172 15232 16847 18029 18039 18163 18435 18451 18496 18532 18565 18578 18580 18585 18785 24340 25552 25577 25627 25710 25725 26768 26928 26940 26944 26977 27076 27121 27658 27681 27704 27787 29014 31216 37453 38464 40250 46128 48501https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/AJ/159/211?format=asciidefaultJ/AJ/159/211/table1Kepler confirmed planet parametersIDPlanet identifiermeta.id;meta.maincharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintKICKepler Input Catalog (KIC; V/133) star identifiermeta.id.parentcharPer[0.58/92.8] Orbital perioddtime.perioddoubleFlux[0.4/950] Flux relative to the EarthEarthphot.flux;arith.ratiofloatE_Flux[0/171] Upper limit in FluxEarthstat.error;stat.max;phot.fluxfloate_Flux[0/145] Lower limit in FluxEarthstat.error;stat.min;phot.fluxfloatRp[0.49/3.48] Planetary radius(6.3781x10+6m)phys.size.radiusfloatE_Rp[0.03/0.76] Upper limit in Rp(6.3781x10+6m)stat.error;stat.max;phys.size.radiusfloate_Rp[0.03/0.62] Lower limit in Rp(6.3781x10+6m)stat.error;stat.min;phys.size.radiusfloatSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlchar_RAPosition from Simbad (right ascension part)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEPosition from Simbad (declination part)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainJ/AJ/159/211/table2K2 confirmed planet parametersIDPlanet identifiermeta.id;meta.maincharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintEPICEcliptic Plane Input Catalog (EPIC; IV/34) star identifiermeta.id.parentcharPer[0.68/44.6] Orbital perioddtime.perioddoubleFlux[1.1/870] Flux relative to the EarthEarthphot.flux;arith.ratiofloatE_Flux[0.1/1679] Upper limit in FluxEarthstat.error;stat.max;phot.fluxfloate_Flux[0.1/153] Lower limit in FluxEarthstat.error;stat.min;phot.fluxfloatRp[0.92/4.51] Planetary radius(6.3781x10+6m)phys.size.radiusfloatE_Rp[0.09/0.6] Upper limit in Rp(6.3781x10+6m)stat.error;stat.max;phys.size.radiusfloate_Rp[0.08/0.57] Lower limit in Rp(6.3781x10+6m)stat.error;stat.min;phys.size.radiusfloatSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlchar_RAPosition from Simbad (right ascension part)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEPosition from Simbad (declination part)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainJ/AJ/159/211/table3Planets with >=3{sigma} bulk density measurements around low-mass starsrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintIDPlanet identifiermeta.id;meta.maincharPer[0.76/33] Orbital perioddtime.perioddoubleFlux[0.5/326.9] Flux relative to the EarthEarthphot.flux;arith.ratiofloate_Flux[0/21] Error on FluxEarthstat.error;phot.fluxfloatRp[1.13/2.85] Planetary radius(6.3781x10+6m)phys.size.radiusfloate_Rp[0.02/0.2] Error on Rp(6.3781x10+6m)stat.errorfloatMp[1.66/8.63] Planetary mass(5.97236x10+24kg)phys.massfloate_Mp[0.18/1.65] Error on Mp(5.97236x10+24kg)stat.errorfloatrho[1.5/10.5] Planetary bulk densityg.cm**-3phys.densityfloate_rho[-2.2/-0.3] Negative error on rhog.cm**-3stat.errorfloatE_rho[0.34/2.6] Positive error on rhog.cm**-3stat.error;stat.maxfloatCompDisposition; Rocky, Intermediate or Gaseoussrc.classcharRefReference(s) (1)meta.ref;pos.framecharSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlchar_RAPosition from Simbad (right ascension part)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEPosition from Simbad (declination part)degpos.eq.dec;meta.main