J/AJ/156/264ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/AJ/156/264doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.51560264CDSFulton B.J.Petigura E.A.2021-08-03T07:51:19Z2019-04-25T15:19:49ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frmultiple-starsexoplanetseffective-temperaturemetallicityinfrared-photometrystellar-massesvisible-astronomytrigonometric-parallaxstellar-radiistellar-agesThe distribution of planet sizes encodes details of planet formation and evolution. We present the most precise planet size distribution to date based on Gaia parallaxes, Kepler photometry, and spectroscopic temperatures from the California-Kepler Survey. Previously, we measured stellar radii to 11% precision using high-resolution spectroscopy; by adding Gaia astrometry, the errors are now 3%. Planet radius measurements are, in turn, improved to 5% precision. With a catalog of ~1000 planets with precise properties, we probed in fine detail the gap in the planet size distribution that separates two classes of small planets, rocky super-Earths and gas-dominated sub-Neptunes. Our previous study and others suggested that the gap may be observationally under-resolved and inherently flat-bottomed, with a band of forbidden planet sizes. Analysis based on our new catalog refutes this; the gap is partially filled in. Two other important factors that sculpt the distribution are a planet's orbital distance and its host-star mass, both of which are related to a planet's X-ray/UV irradiation history. For lower-mass stars, the bimodal planet distribution shifts to smaller sizes, consistent with smaller stars producing smaller planet cores. Details of the size distribution including the extent of the "sub-Neptune desert" and the width and slope of the gap support the view that photoevaporation of low-density atmospheres is the dominant evolutionary determinant of the planet size distribution.2018AJ....156..264Fhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/AJ/156/264CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toI/345 : Gaia DR2 (Gaia Collaboration, 2018)J/ApJS/217/31 : Kepler planetary cand. VI. 4yr Q1-Q16 (Mullally+, 2015)J/MNRAS/452/2127 : Fundamental param. of Kepler stars (Silva Aguirre+, 2015)J/AJ/154/107 : CKS. I. 1305 stars (Petigura+, 2017)J/AJ/154/108 : CKS. II. Properties (Johnson+, 2017)J/AJ/154/109 : CKS. III. Planet radii (Fulton+, 2017)J/AJ/155/48 : CKS. V. Masses and radii (Weiss+, 2018)J/AJ/155/89 : CKS. IV. Planets (Petigura+, 2018)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/156/264https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/156/264http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/156/264https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/156/264https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/156/264http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/156/264GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/AJ/156/264/table2 (Stellar properties)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/156/264/table2?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/156/264/table2?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/156/264/table2?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true286.808491449.31641420.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/AJ/156/264/table3 (CKS planet parameters)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/156/264/table3?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/156/264/table3?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/156/264/table3?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true286.808491449.31641420.0055555555555555564/922 923 933 934 935 945 5/3645 3646 3647 3683 3704 3706 3729 3730 3731 3776 3777 3778 3785 3786 3787 3788 3789 3792 6/14567 14573 14575 14578 14579 14730 14731 14738 14744 14746 14750 14751 14792 14794 14795 14828 14830 14914 14915 15040 15041 15043 15044 15057 15059 15060 15061 15062 15116 15118 15119 15136 15137 15139 15160 15172 15173 15174 15176 15178 15200 152328.650015785639275e-20 9.710690472292815e-20https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/AJ/156/264?format=asciiOpticalInfrareddefaultJ/AJ/156/264/table2Stellar propertiesE_Teff[60] Upper uncertainty in TeffKstat.error;stat.maxintrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintKOIKepler Object of Interest identifier (K0NNNN)meta.id;meta.maincharTeff[4618/6656] Effective temperature (1)Kphys.temperature.effectiveinte_Teff[60] Lower uncertainty in TeffKstat.error;stat.minint[Fe/H][-0.61/0.47] Metallicity (1)log(Sun)phys.abund.ZfloatE_[Fe/H][0.04] Upper uncertainty in [Fe/H]log(Sun)stat.error;stat.maxfloate_[Fe/H][0.04] Lower uncertainty in [Fe/H]log(Sun)stat.error;stat.minfloatKsmag[6.491/14.487] 2MASS K_s_ band magitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.Kfloate_Ksmag[0.011/0.119]? Uncertainty in Ksmagmagstat.error;phot.magfloatnullableplx[0.302/15.668] Gaia DR2 trigonometric parallaxmaspos.parallax.trigfloate_plx[0.011/0.294] Uncertainty in plxmasstat.error;pos.parallaxfloatR[0.48/10.48] Stellar radius from direct integrationsolRadphys.size.radiusfloatE_R[0.017/0.68] Upper uncertainty in RsolRadstat.error;stat.maxfloate_R[0.016/0.615] Lower uncertainty in RsolRadstat.error;stat.minfloatMiso[0/2.292] Stellar mass from isochrone fitsolMassphys.massfloatE_Miso[0/0.176] Upper uncertainty in MisosolMassstat.error;stat.maxfloate_Miso[0/0.258] Lower uncertainty in MisosolMassstat.error;stat.minfloatRiso[0/10.072] Stellar radius from isochrone fitsolRadphys.size.radiusfloatE_Riso[0/0.713] Upper uncertainty in RisosolRadstat.error;stat.maxfloate_Riso[0/0.579] Lower uncertainty in RisosolRadstat.error;stat.minfloatrhoiso[0/2.57] Stellar density from isochrone fitg.cm**-3phys.densityfloatE_rhoiso[0/0.24] Upper uncertainty in rhoisog.cm**-3stat.error;stat.maxfloate_rhoiso[0/0.24] Lpper uncertainty in rhoisog.cm**-3stat.error;stat.minfloatlogAiso[8.66/10.14]? Log stellar age from isochrone fitlog(yr)time.agefloatnullableE_logAiso[0/0.64]? Upper uncertainty in logAisolog(yr)stat.error;stat.maxfloatnullablee_logAiso[0.01/0.8]? Lower uncertainty in logAisolog(yr)stat.error;stat.minfloatnullableplxspec[0.236/16.105] Spectroscopic parallaxarcsecpos.parallax.spectfloatE_plxspec[0.02/1.456] Upper uncertainty in plxspecarcsecstat.error;stat.maxfloate_plxspec[0.025/3.654] Lower uncertainty in plxspecarcsecstat.error;stat.minfloatr8[1/5.109] Ratio of cumulative flux and target flux (2)phot.flux;arith.ratiofloatRCF[0/1.4072]? Average radius correction factorinstr.paramfloatnullableSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlchar_RARight Ascension (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEDeclination (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainJ/AJ/156/264/table3CKS planet parametersSimbadNameSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.idcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintKOIKepler Object of Interest identifier (K0NNNN.NN)meta.id;meta.maincharStarDisplay stellar properties from Table 2meta.ref.urlcharPer[0.299697768/1693.6636225] Kepler period (1)dtime.perioddoubleE_Per[0/0.1416]? Upper uncertainty in Perdstat.error;stat.maxdoublenullablee_Per[0/0.1416]? Lower uncertainty in Perdstat.error;stat.mindoublenullableRp/R*[0.003223/96.986549]? Planet-to-star radius ratio (1)phys.size;arith.ratiodoublenullableE_Rp/R*[0/57.55668]? Upper uncertainty in Rp/R*stat.error;stat.maxdoublenullablee_Rp/R*[7e-06/69.87985]? Lower uncertainty in Rp/R*stat.error;stat.mindoublenullableRp[0.276/30653.495]? Planet radius (2)(6.3781x10+6m)phys.size.radiusdoublenullableE_Rp[0.022/12973.748]? Upper uncertainty in Rp(6.3781x10+6m)stat.error;stat.maxdoublenullablee_Rp[0.022/12973.748]? Lower uncertainty in Rp(6.3781x10+6m)stat.error;stat.mindoublenullablea[0.00797/2.7177]? Semi-major axis (2)AUphys.size.smajAxisdoublenullableE_a[3e-05/0.0548]? Upper uncertinty in aAUstat.error;stat.maxdoublenullablee_a[3e-05/0.0548]? Lower uncertinty in aAUstat.error;stat.mindoublenullableSinc[0.1/72599.2]? Incident stellar flux (2)phot.flux.densityfloatnullableE_Sinc[0/8785.5]? Upper uncertainty in Sincstat.error;stat.maxfloatnullablee_Sinc[0/8785.5]? Lower uncertainty in Sincstat.error;stat.minfloatnullable_RARight Ascension (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEDeclination (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainJ/AJ/156/264/table4Planet detection statisticsrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintKOIKepler Object of Interest identfier (K0NNNN.NN)meta.id;meta.maincharS/N[4.19/4012.61] Signal-to-noise ratio in i band imagestat.snrfloatPdet[0/1] Detection probabilitystat.fit.goodnessfloatPtr[0.0016/0.3251] Transit probabilitystat.fit.goodnessfloatWeight[3.28/7117158.76] Weight, 1/w_i_ (1)stat.weight;phys.atmol.weightdouble