VLBI-based combined catalog of radio sources J/A+A/709/A98 ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/709/A98 CDS Lambert S. Malkin Z. 2026-05-19T14:14:26Z 2026-05-13T07:19:02Z CDS support team CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France cds-question@unistra.fr very-long-baseline-interferometry radio-sources astrometry active-galactic-nuclei quasars The International Celestial Reference System (ICRS) is realized in the radio band by a catalog of radio source positions obtained by very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) measurements and called the International Celestial Reference Frame (ICRF). The current ICRF approved by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) at its XXXth general assembly in August 2018 is the ICRF3. Discussions are currently underway on the preparation of the next ICRF release, the ICRF4. In this paper, we investigate a possibility to improve the S/X version of the ICRF3 by constructing a combined catalog of radio source positions based in individual catalogs provided by VLBI analysis centers. This study is based on the analysis of the systematic errors of six most recent VLBI radio source catalogs using Vector Spherical Harmonics (VSH). In a first step, we determined the systematic differences between each input catalog and the S/X version of the ICRF3. These systematics were then applied to the input catalogs to transform them into the ICRF3 system. The average of these transformed catalogs is the combined catalog in the ICRF3 system (COMB1X). Applying the averaged systematics to the COMB1X catalog, we obtain the combined catalog in an independent system (COMB2X). The intercomparison of partial combinations allowed us to rescale the formal errors to make them more realistic. The two combined catalogs of radio source positions contain a few more sources than individual catalogs. The COMB1X catalog can be considered as an improvement of ICRF3 in terms of stochastic errors. The COMB2X catalog can be considered as an improvement of ICRF3 in terms of both stochastic and systematic errors. The COMB2X catalog reveals systematic error of a few tens of microarcseconds with respect to the ICRF3. 2026A&A...709A..98L https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/A+A/709/A98 Catalog Research IsServedBy TAP VizieR generic service IsServedBy Conesearch service https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.html https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/709/A98 https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/709/A98 http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/709/A98 https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/709/A98 https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/709/A98 http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/709/A98 GET text/xml+votable https://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tap Cone search capability for table J/A+A/709/A98/comb2x (Final combined catalog COMB2X) https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/709/A98/comb2x? https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/709/A98/comb2x? http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/709/A98/comb2x? 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26954 26959 26963 26966 26971 26981 26983-26985 26993-26994 26996 27002 27007 27010 27012 27025 27035 27047 27058-27062 27064 27070 27080-27082 27093 27096 27101 27103-27105 27108-27109 27113 27115 27124-27125 27128-27129 27131 27133-27134 27138 27146 27156 27169 27179 27196 27206 27212 27220 27230 27240 27243 27245 27249 27253 27272 27290-27291 27294 27302 27310-27311 27322-27323 27380 27386 27394 27404-27405 27409 27411 27413 27417 27423 27433 27436 27440 27446 27454-27456 27458 27464 27466 27469 27472 27481 27488 27497 27502 27509 27514 27520-27521 27523-27526 27529 27532-27533 27544 27559 27564 27573 27577 27579 27581 27583 27595 27602 27605 27607 27610 27646 27648 27650 27654 27657 27659-27660 27663 27672 27675 27689 27695 27700 27705 27709 27712 27714-27715 27717 27722 27745 27750 27755 27760 27762 27765 27773 27787 27796-27797 27799 27812 27814-27815 27821 27830 27840-27841 27845 27851 27857 27866 27874 27897 27902 27909 27920 27926 27928 27936 27944 27955-27956 27961 27964 27974 27993 28002-28003 28042-28043 28050 28054 28061 28067 28070 28083 28112 28120 28132 28134 28138-28139 28149-28151 28167 28184 28198 28208 28216 28225 28243 28248-28249 28258 28268-28269 28282 28299 28311 28315 28317-28318 28335 28338-28339 28341 28352 28359 28369-28370 28383-28384 28446 28450 28453-28454 28463 28471 28479 28485 28492 28495 28517 28532 28538-28540 28542 28560 28575 28583 28602 28606 28616 28618 28628 28643 28647 28652 28663 28666 28673 28679 28690 28742 28759-28760 28763 28769 28778 28781 28789-28790 28799 28803-28804 28818 28820 28822 28824 28858 28870 28888 28897 28908 28912 28920 28928 28934 28937 28946-28948 28950 28953 28959 28972 28974 28982 28986 28991 28998-28999 29003 29008 29016-29018 29024 29039 29048 29063 29070 29072 29074 29079 29086 29102 29110 29126 29132 29136 29138 29143 29151 29153 29167-29168 29185 29193 29199 29202 29211 29215 29217-29218 29220 29222 29228 29236 29240 29244 29251 29263 29270-29271 29275 29283 29300 29308 29311 29336-29337 29341 29347 29349 29355 29357 29361 29370 29373 29376 29378 29382-29384 29401-29402 29413-29414 29416 29421 29431 29442 29449 29455 29467 29477 29480 29515 29520 29522 29558 29570 29588 29595 29611 29617 29620 29630 29636 29648 29653 29658-29659 29675 29703 29707 29714 29730 29736 29764 29772 29795 29823 29828 29833 29844 29876 29895 29907 29909 29915 29942 29946 29963 29972 29974 29976 29981 29991 29993 29996 30010 30012 30017 30021 30039 30050 30060 30075 30091 30094 30096 30131 30160 30171 30200 30203 30205 30220 30228 30248 30251 30255 30279 30302 30305 30314-30315 30323 30328 30344 30366 30385 30388 30395 30397-30398 30403 30416-30417 30431 30436 30443-30444 30446 30456 30461 30468 30474 30489 30507 30511-30512 30527 30533 30542 30557-30558 30566 30569 30587 30609 30629 30657 30667 30683 30701 30705-30706 30711 30723 30745 30750 30757 30774 30781 30787 30836 30840 30852 30857 30864 30884 30889-30890 30903 30906 30909 30923 30928 30941-30942 30975 30978 30990 30996 31001-31002 31005 31015 31079 31101 31111-31112 31127 31135 31143 31145-31146 31154 31157 31173 31176 31190 31196 31199 31202 31211 31222 31229 31234-31235 31252 31256 31258 31262 31274 31276-31277 31285 31295-31296 31309 31325 31334 31353 31355 31383 31389 31391 31399 31407 31419 31421 31423-31424 31430 31439-31440 31444 31451 31460-31461 31463 31470 31488 31508 31511 31520 31523 31527 31529 31535 31539 31547 31554-31555 31559 31562 31566 31574 31599 31619 31656 31663-31664 31666 31685 31696 31711 31718 31729 31731 31745 31757 31770-31771 31773 31776 31781 31783 31789 31792 31794 31809 31824-31826 31828 31844 31846 31850 31857 31859 31875 31886 31891 31894 31903 31909 31915 31930 31967 31976 31986 31991 31995 31998 32000 32003 32014 32025 32031 32034-32035 32051 32066 32068 32101 32124-32125 32130-32131 32136 32141 32159-32160 32181 32193 32196 32210 32227 32230-32231 32247 32259 32261 32264 32266 32289 32297 32300 32309 32311 32314 32325 32338 32343 32345-32346 32348 32362 32374 32380 32394-32395 32397 32404 32410 32417 32424 32435 32440 32443 32451 32454 32461 32473 32517 32527 32546 32558 32571 32580 32594 32596 32605 32607-32608 32614 32621-32622 32647 32656 32660 32674 32687 32691 32701 32715 32724 32738 32764 32808 32841 32871 32916 32948 32961 33010 33043 33048 33057 33063 33081 33176 33180 33238 33285 33356 33382 33398 33406 33430 33471 33489 33549 33560 33570 33626 33679-33680 33684 33703 33711-33712 33752 33774 33789 33816 33825 33827 33829 33833 33862 33881 33973 33975 33994 34013 34038 34086 34095 34099 34104 34117-34118 34123 34158 34162 34167-34168 34174 34209-34210 34218 34227 34233 34263-34264 34281 34283 34289 34296 34302-34303 34330 34412 34428 34443 34461-34462 34487 34489 34517 34528 34534 34551 34553 34568 34571-34572 34591 34606 34614 34631 34637 34646 34665 34668-34669 34675 34683 34691 34699 34710 34727 34740 34747 34767 34776 34779 34787 34803 34866 34870-34871 34901 34931 34938 34993 35033 35046 35061 35079 35093 35100 35141 35146 35192 35217 35230 35243 35249 35256 35274 35281 35294 35309 35311 35318 35370 35432 35436 35440 35446 35475 35482 35484 35487-35488 35491 35501 35517 35522-35523 35532 35535 35549 35562 35565 35577 35579 35581 35590 35598 35600 35623-35624 35648 35651 35680 35683 35696 35706 35720 35722 35730 35741 35758 35764 35768-35769 35771 35781 35786 35790 35801 35804 35806 35817 35833 35849 35865 35889 35897 35901 35910 35918 35925 35931 35936 35952 35960 35975 35993 36003 36005 36018 36028 36042 36047 36058-36059 36064 36089-36090 36100 36111 36113 36117 36120 36123 36130 36138-36139 36151 36155 36160 36176-36178 36186 36188 36211 36214 36219 36225 36230 36235 36241 36276 36281-36283 36295 36304 36308 36333 36336 36343 36346 36349 36363 36370 36382 36391 36395 36407 36410 36412 36414 36417 36423 36459-36460 36475 36505 36520 36528 36531 36546 36549-36552 36554 36558 36578 36580 36585-36587 36596 36602 36607 36609 36614 36620 36640 36655 36665-36666 36674 36690 36718 36735 36738 36754 36785 36815 36818 36832 36840 36842 36863 36877 36928 36941 36988 37032 37053 37064 37104 37127 37138 37156 37190-37191 37201 37203 37205 37217 37229 37238 37246 37269 37341 37385 37440 37450 37469 37474 37480 37512 37519 37540 37667 37677 37686 37688 37735 37745 37768 37779 37819 37832 37919 37942 37994 38039 38046 38082 38108 38128 38132 38135 38141 38174 38189 38199 38261 38277 38279 38296 38303 38310-38311 38322 38350-38353 38355 38358 38373 38383 38397 38399 38416 38450 38470 38474 38477 38502 38508 38519 38533 38566 38579 38583 38591 38614 38634 38638-38639 38646 38663 38677 38682 38690 38706 38715 38734 38744 38759 38763 38766 38769 38787-38788 38791 38800 38802 38817 38825 38827 38833 38842 38853 38855 38860-38861 38880 38888 38899 38916 38918 38968 38993 39077 39181 39235 39241 39286-39287 39307 39320 39326 39342 39347 39350 39354 39356 39377 39392 39398 39407 39447 39485 39489 39519 39531 39536 39542-39543 39557 39566 39575 39577 39592 39622 39633 39653-39654 39658 39664 39667 39672 39689 39695 39718 39728 39733 39740 39747 39752 39773-39775 39783 39828 39840 39848 39851 39858 39866 39883 39888 39894 39897 39920 39923 39940 39946 39957 39963 39970 39974 39982 39987 39997 40010 40024 40028-40029 40036-40037 40047 40050 40058 40060 40066 40077 40083 40096 40106 40131 40141 40162 40164-40165 40193-40194 40197 40209 40214 40217 40253 40265 40272 40281 40297 40300 40316 40331-40333 40339 40342 40344 40350 40353-40354 40360 40366 40370 40379 40392 40411-40412 40421 40434 40441 40455 40458 40463 40473-40474 40479 40494 40514-40515 40520 40527 40532-40533 40542 40558 40569 40607 40619 40633 40635 40637 40642 40650 40658 40673 40676 40690 40692 40698 40700 40710 40727 40730 40737 40739 40755 40762 40766 40777 40784 40786 40798 40809 40824 40827 40831 40838 40858 40873-40874 40885 40891 40902 40915 40919 40921 40931 40949 40955 40990 40997 41003 41033 41043 41051 41059 41072 41088 41110 41193 41240 41262 41275 41310-41311 41325 41335 41355 41374 41387 41394 41396 41426 41460 41464 41511 41524 41543 41607 41618 41665 41669 41701 41730 41818 41824 41903 41915 41938 41942 41982 42012 42017 42046 42060 42067 42084 42188 42232 42249 42261 42325 42366 42411 42433 42443 42471 42481-42482 42492 42515 42571 42589 42601 42609 42658 42662 42681 42696 42720 42726 42768 42791 42793 42805 42811 42814 42822 42824-42825 42841 42845 42853 42855 42861 42878 42883 42900-42901 42919 42932 42938 42941 42957 42973 42978 42980-42981 42985 42993 43005 43007 43038 43042-43043 43085 43105 43112 43116 43122 43150 43195 43257 43259 43262 43283 43325 43366 43380 43399 43412 43417 43447 43451 43466 43469 43483 43501 43549 43566 43578 43595 43607 43616 43628 43633 43646 43694 43696 43712 43723 43739 43753 43757 43765 43786 43793 43802 43821-43822 43828 43835 43837 43841 43850 43854 43862-43863 43865 43870 43876 43884 43888 43891 43900 43914 43916 43918 43924 43929 43936 43954 43956 43967 43978 43980 43986 43995-43996 44000 44010 44028 44034-44035 44038 44043 44047 44050 44052 44059 44069 44075 44088 44091 44099 44106 44113 44122 44128 44131 44140-44141 44144 44147 44149 44153 44155 44166 44170 44173 44193 44199 44202 44208 44243 44245 44247 44251 44260 44265 44269 44272 44281-44282 44293 44307 44310-44311 44313 44334-44335 44337-44338 44340 44346 44350 44356-44358 44361 44365 44374 44377 44381 44389 44392 44400 44412 44441 44443 44449 44468 44475 44482 44484 44487 44489 44500 44502 44513 44523 44525-44526 44534 44542 44546-44547 44549 44554-44555 44563 44574 44597 44600 44604 44612 44614 44624 44641 44648-44650 44656 44658 44661 44663 44669-44670 44672 44674 44681 44687 44695 44699-44700 44705 44711 44714-44715 44717-44718 44724 44729-44730 44735 44742 44745 44749 44753 44756 44761-44762 44774 44776 44778 44791 44799 44802 44805 44807 44809 44812-44813 44815 44818 44826 44832 44834 44840 44845 44852-44853 44859 44866 44873 44885-44886 44896 44899 44902 44907-44908 44911 44921 44937 44940 44942 44944 44955 44994 45006 45009 45011 45026 45044 45081 45110 45135 45158 45162 45164-45165 45176 45178 45196 45371 45393 45409 45434 45446 45483 45487 45511 45514 45540 45600 45604 45612 45614 45621 45648 45655 45690 45702 45763 45770 45774 45784 45795 45811 45843 45923 46000 46040 46055 46174 46204 46214 46226 46232 46251 46265 46310 46331 46337 46342 46354 46373 46379 46388 46394 46398 46419 46439 46442 46444-46445 46448 46459 46490 46529 46542 46545-46546 46552 46562 46568 46577 46588 46709 46717 46721 46739 46762 46764 46782 46789 46798 46801 46810 46831 46835 46844 46851 46859 46867-46868 46872 46887 46893 46911 46921 46931-46932 46939 46948 46963-46966 46993 47001 47005 47014 47016 47021 47050 47057 47064 47070 47080 47093 47095 47106-47107 47112 47151 47154 47187 47255 47268 47277 47327 47354 47375 47408 47413 47419 47433 47453 47470 47478-47479 47534 47540 47570 47585 47605 47607 47636 47649 47672 47675 47747 47796 47805 47812 47826 47847 47864 47882 47889 47912 47922 47941 47943 47945 47969 47971-47972 47978 47980 47996 48023 48025 48047-48048 48053 48062-48063 48091 48098 48102 48106 48115-48116 48120 48122-48124 48126 48137 48142-48143 48147 48172 48182 48187 48207 48224 48228 48238 48252 48286 48292 48300 48306 48310 48315 48320 48341 48345 48352 48362 48384-48385 48388 48392 48398 48404 48407 48420-48422 48433-48434 48449 48460 48476 48480 48483 48486 48491 48493 48496 48507 48513-48514 48528-48530 48533 48535 48538 48541-48542 48546 48552 48566 48578 48582 48589 48595 48605 48610 48614 48616 48618 48629 48635 48646 48648 48652 48654 48660 48666 48677 48685 48693 48708 48714-48716 48719 48724 48729 48732 48736 48738 48740-48741 48744 48757-48758 48761 48767-48768 48783 48786 48789 48792-48793 48797-48798 48803 48805 48814 48816 48821 48833 48838 48841 48846 48867 48878 48883 48885 48890 48893 48901 48906-48907 48916 48918 48920 48928 48933 48939 48952 48965 48974 48977 48985 48992 48995 49002 49014 49019 49023 49029 49037 49049 49069-49071 49079 49083-49084 49097 49127 49135 https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/A+A/709/A98?format=ascii Radio default J/A+A/709/A98/comb2x Final combined catalog COMB2X recno Record number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification. meta.record int IERS International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service name (HHMM+DDd, B1950 equinox) (1) meta.id;meta.main char RAICRS Right ascension (ICRF) at Ep=2015.0 pos.eq.ra;meta.main e_RAICRS Right ascension uncertainty s stat.error;pos.eq.ra double DEICRS Declination (ICRF) at Ep=2015.0 pos.eq.dec;meta.main e_DEICRS Declination uncertainty arcsec stat.error;pos.eq.dec double Corr Correlation coefficient between right ascension and declination stat.correlation float Nses Number of sessions in which the source was observed meta.number int Ndel Number of delay observations used to estimate the source position meta.number int Ep Median epoch of the sessions in which the source was observed (2) d time.epoch;stat.median float Of Epoch of first session in which the source was observed (2) d time.epoch float Ol Epoch of last session in which the source was observed (2) d time.epoch float