J/A+A/709/A218ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/709/A218CDSMaravelias G.Bonanos A.Z.Antoniadis K.Munoz-Sanchez G.,Christodoulou E.de Wit S.Zapartas E.Kovlakas K.Tramper F.,Bonfini P.Avgousti S.2026-05-19T11:20:27Z2026-05-19T12:16:40ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frgalaxiesstellar-spectral-typesearly-type-starslate-type-starssupergiant-starsMass loss is a key aspect of stellar evolution, particularly in evolved massive stars, yet episodic mass loss remains poorly understood. To investigate this, we need evolved massive stellar populations across various galactic environments. However, spectral classifications are challenging to obtain in large numbers, especially for distant galaxies. We addressed this by leveraging machine-learning techniques. We combined Spitzer photometry and Pan-STARRS1 optical data to classify point sources in 26 galaxies within 5Mpc, and a metallicity range 0.07-1.36Z_{sun}_. Gaia DR3 astrometry was used to remove foreground sources. Classifications are derived using a machine-learning model developed in our previous work. We report classifications for 1147650 sources, with 276657 sources (~24%) being robust. Among these are 120479 Red Supergiants (RSGs; ~11%). The classifier performs well even at low metallicities (~0.1Z_{sun}_) and distances under 1.5Mpc, with a slight decrease in accuracy beyond ~3Mpc due to Spitzer 's resolution limits. We also identified 21 luminous RSGs (log(L/L_{sun}_)>=5.5), 159 dusty Yellow Hypergiants in M31 and M33, as well as 6 extreme RSGs (log(L/L_{sun}_)>=6) in M31, challenging observed luminosity limits. Class trends with metallicity align with expectations, though biases exist. This catalog serves as a valuable resource for individual-object studies and James Webb Space Telescope target selection. It enables follow-up on luminous RSGs and Yellow Hypergiants to refine our understanding of their evolutionary pathways. Additionally, we provide the largest spectroscopically confirmed catalog of extragalactic massive stars and candidates to date, beyond the Clouds, comprising 5273 sources (including ~330 other objects).2026A&A...709A.218Mhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/A+A/709/A218CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicehttps://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/709/A218https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/709/A218http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/709/A218https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/709/A218https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/709/A218http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/709/A218GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/A+A/709/A218/tablea2 (Sources with data and predictions)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/709/A218/tablea2?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/709/A218/tablea2?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/709/A218/tablea2?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true0.52017-15.446220.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/A+A/709/A218/tablec1 (Sources with spectral types from literature)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/709/A218/tablec1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/709/A218/tablec1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/709/A218/tablec1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true0.49812-15.490810.0055555555555555565/677 6/2154-2155 2240-2241 2619 2622-2623 2666-2667 2705 2752-2753 3042-3043 7603-7604 7606 7741 7743 7784 7786 7876 7878 10856 16441 16653 16655 16664 16666 16701 17165 17167 18035 18041 18085 19990 26858 27351 28015 28631 29716 29718 33193 35206 35212 35512 35514 35536 35538 38843 38846 43872 43874 43881 438838.27688880188539e-21 3.916500758235022e-19https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/A+A/709/A218?format=asciidefaultJ/A+A/709/A218/tablea2Sources with data and predictionsrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordinte_ymag? y (962 nm) Pan-STARRS1 band error (yMagErr)magstat.error;phot.magfloatnullablepbFinal-GALProbability score for GAL (ensemble) (probFinal-GAL)stat.fit.goodnessdoubleRAJ2000Right Ascension (J2000) (RA)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainindexedDEJ2000Declination (J2000) (Dec)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainindexedGaiaDR3? Gaia-DR3 source ID (Gaia_DR3_id)meta.idnullablepmRA? Proper motion in RA (pmRA)mas/yrpos.pm;pos.eq.rafloatnullablee_pmRA? Error in pmRA (pmRAErr)mas/yrstat.error;pos.pm;pos.eq.rafloatnullablepmDE? Proper motion in Dec (pmDec)mas/yrpos.pm;pos.eq.decdoublenullablee_pmDE? Error in pmDec (pmDecErr)mas/yrstat.error;pos.pm;pos.eq.decfloatnullableplx? Parallax (parallax)maspos.parallax.trigdoublenullablee_plx? Error in parallax (parallaxErr)masstat.error;pos.parallaxfloatnullable3.6mag? IRAC 3.6um Spitzer band (3.6Mag)magphot.mag;em.IR.3-4umfloatnullablee_3.6mag? IRAC 3.6um Spitzer band error (3.6MagErr)magstat.errorfloatnullable4.5mag? IRAC 4.5um Spitzer band (4.5Mag)magphot.mag;em.IR.4-8umfloatnullablee_4.5mag? IRAC 4.5um Spitzer band error (4.5MagErr)magstat.errorfloatnullable5.8mag? IRAC 5.8um Spitzer band (5.8Mag)magphot.flux.density;em.IR.4-8umfloatnullablee_5.8mag? IRAC 5.8um Spitzer band error (5.8MagErr)magstat.errorfloatnullable8.0mag? IRAC 8.0um Spitzer band (8.0Mag)magphot.flux.density;em.IR.8-15umfloatnullablee_8.0mag? IRAC 8.0um Spitzer band error (8.0MagErr)magstat.errorfloatnullable24mag? MIPS 24um Spitzer band (24Mag)magphot.flux.density;em.IR.15-30umfloatnullablee_24mag? MIPS 24um Spitzer band error (24MagErr)magstat.errorfloatnullablegmag? g (481 nm) Pan-STARRS1 band (gMag)magphot.mag;em.opt.Bfloatnullablee_gmag? g (481 nm) Pan-STARRS1 band error (gMagErr)magstat.error;phot.magfloatnullablermag? r (617 nm) Pan-STARRS1 band (rMag)magphot.mag;em.opt.Rfloatnullablee_rmag? r (617 nm) Pan-STARRS1 band error (rMagErr)magstat.error;phot.magfloatnullableimag? i (752 nm) Pan-STARRS1 band (iMag)magphot.mag;em.opt.Ifloatnullablee_imag? i (752 nm) Pan-STARRS1 band error (iMagErr)magstat.error;phot.magfloatnullablezmag? z (866 nm) Pan-STARRS1 band (zMag)magphot.mag;em.opt.Ifloatnullablee_zmag? z (866 nm) Pan-STARRS1 band error (zMagErr)magstat.error;phot.magfloatnullableymag? y (962 nm) Pan-STARRS1 band (yMag)magphot.mag;em.IR.JfloatnullableJmagUhs? J (1.24 um) UKIRT Hemisphere Survey band (JMagUhs)magphot.mag;em.IR.Jfloatnullablee_JmagUhs? J (1.24 um) UKIRT Hemisphere Survey band error (JMagUhsErr)magstat.errorfloatnullableymagVhs? y (1.02 um) VISTA Hemisphere Survey band (yMagVhs)magphot.mag;em.IR.Jfloatnullablee_ymagVhs? y (1.02 um) VISTA Hemisphere Survey band error (yMagErrVhs)magstat.error;pos.cartesian.yfloatnullableJmagVhs? J (1.25 um) VISTA Hemisphere Survey band (jMagVhs)magphot.mag;em.IR.Jfloatnullablee_JmagVhs? J (1.25 um) VISTA Hemisphere Survey band error (jMagVhsErr)magstat.errorfloatnullableHmagVhs? H (1.65 um) VISTA Hemisphere Survey band (hMagVhs)magphot.mag;em.IR.Hfloatnullablee_HmagVhs? H (1.65 um) VISTA Hemisphere Survey band error (hMagVhsErr)magstat.errorfloatnullableKsmagVhs? Ks (2.15 um) VISTA Hemisphere Survey band (ksMagVhs)magphot.mag;em.IR.Kfloatnullablee_KsmagVhs? Ks (2.15 um) VISTA Hemisphere Survey band error (ksMagVhsErr)magstat.errorfloatnullableGmag? Gaia G (582 nm) band (gMagGaia)magphot.mag;em.optfloatnullableBpmag? Gaia BP (503 nm) band (bpMag)magphot.mag;em.opt.BfloatnullableRpmag? Gaia RP (762 nm) band (rpMag)magphot.mag;em.opt.RfloatnullablepbSVC-BSGProbability score for BSG (SVM) (probSVC-BSG)stat.fit.goodnessdoublepbSVC-BeBRProbability score for BeBR (SVM) (probSVC-BeBR)stat.fit.goodnessdoublepbSVC-GALProbability score for GAL (SVM) (probSVC-GAL)stat.fit.goodnessdoublepbSVC-LBVProbability score for LBV (SVM) (probSVC-LBV)stat.fit.goodnessdoublepbSVC-RSGProbability score for RSG (SVM) (probSVC-RSG)stat.fit.goodnessdoublepbSVC-WRProbability score for WR (SVM) (probSVC-WR)stat.fit.goodnessdoublepbSVC-YSGProbability score for YSG (SVM) (probSVC-YSG)stat.fit.goodnessdoubleSVC-ClassClassification result from SVM method (SVC_Class)src.spTypecharpbRF-BSGProbability score for BSG (RF) (probRF-BSG)stat.fit.goodnessdoublepbRF-BeBRProbability score for BeBR (RF) (probRF-BeBR)stat.fit.goodnessdoublepbRF-GALProbability score for GAL (RF) (probRF-GAL)stat.fit.goodnessdoublepbRF-LBVProbability score for LBV (RF) (probRF-LBV)stat.fit.goodnessdoublepbRF-RSGProbability score for RSG (RF) (probRF-RSG)stat.fit.goodnessdoublepbRF-WRProbability score for WR (RF) (probRF-WR)stat.fit.goodnessdoublepbRF-YSGProbability score for YSG (RF) (probRF-YSG)stat.fit.goodnessdoubleRF-ClassClassification result from RF method (RF_Class)src.spTypecharpbMLP-BSGProbability score for BSG (MLP) (probMLP-BSG)stat.fit.goodnessdoublepbMLP-BeBRProbability score for BeBR (MLP) (probMLP-BeBR)stat.fit.goodnessdoublepbMLP-GALProbability score for GAL (MLP) (probMLP-GAL)stat.fit.goodnessdoublepbMLP-LBVProbability score for LBV (MLP) (probMLP-LBV)stat.fit.goodnessdoublepbMLP-RSGProbability score for RSG (MLP) (probMLP-RSG)stat.fit.goodnessdoublepbMLP-WRProbability score for WR (MLP) (probMLP-WR)stat.fit.goodnessdoublepbMLP-YSGProbability score for YSG (MLP) (probMLP-YSG)stat.fit.goodnessdoubleMLP-ClassClassification result from MLP method (MLP_Class)src.spTypecharpbFinal-BSGProbability score for BSG (ensemble) (probFinal-BSG)stat.fit.goodnessdoublepbFinal-BeBRProbability score for BeBR (ensemble) (probFinal-BeBR)stat.fit.goodnessdoublepbFinal-LBVProbability score for LBV (ensemble) (probFinal-LBV)stat.fit.goodnessdoublepbFinal-RSGProbability score for RSG (ensemble) (probFinal-RSG)stat.fit.goodnessdoublepbFinal-WRProbability score for WR (ensemble) (probFinal-WR)stat.fit.goodnessdoublepbFinal-YSGProbability score for YSG (ensemble) (probFinal-YSG)stat.fit.goodnessdoubleFinal-ProbProbability of final class (ensemble) (Final_Prob)stat.fit.goodnessdoubleFinal-ClassClassification result from ensemble (Final_Class)src.spTypecharBand-ComplBand completeness (missing values) (Band_Compl)meta.codefloatIDGalaxy-source ID (ID)meta.id;meta.maincharOri-ClassInitial spectral type (na when missing) (Original_Class)src.spTypecharJ/A+A/709/A218/tablec1Sources with spectral types from literaturerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintIDGalaxy source ID for this catalogmeta.id;meta.maincharLitIDID from original literature sourcemeta.idcharRAJ2000Right Ascension (J2000)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Declination (J2000)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainSpTypeSpectral typesrc.spTypecharl_magLimit flag on magmeta.code.errorcharmag? Magnitude value limit in Filter, -99.0 when missingmagphot.magfloatnullablen_magNote on mag (out, weak or Ext for Extended)meta.notecharFilterFilter reference (na when missing)meta.ref;pos.frame;instr.filtercharBibcodePublication bibcodemeta.bib.bibcodechar