Estimating the peak energy of Swift GRBs J/A+A/708/A148 ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/708/A148 CDS Sun W.-P. Zhu S.-Y. Ma D.-L. Zhang F.-W. 2026-05-04T07:43:19Z 2026-04-03T10:58:15Z CDS support team CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France cds-question@unistra.fr gamma-ray-astronomy gamma-ray-bursts astronomical-models Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are among the most energetic explosive phenomena in the universe, and their peak energy (Ep) is a key physical quantity for understanding the prompt emission mechanism. However, due to the limited energy coverage of the Swift satellite, a large fraction of Swift GRBs lack reliable measurements of the peak energy. Therefore, developing an accurate and efficient method to predict Ep is of great importance. In this work, we propose a method based on the SuperLearner framework that integrates multiple supervised machine learning algorithms to predict Ep of Swift/BAT GRBs. We use the Swift/BAT observational data from December 2004 to September 2022 as training features, and adopt the peak energies of 516 GRBs jointly detected by Swift and either Fermi/GBM or Konus-Wind as training labels. After training and testing multiple supervised models, the final SuperLearner ensemble yields a more robust and reliable predictive model. In 100 iterations of 5-fold cross validation, the predicted E'p values show a tight correlation with the observed Ep, with an average Pearson correlation coefficient of r=0.72. Compared with previous Bayesian estimates, our model provides predictions that are likely closer to the true values. Based on the trained model, we further predict the peak energies of 650 Swift GRBs, significantly increasing the number of GRBs with known peak energies and providing new statistical support for constraining GRB emission mechanisms and energy origins. 2026A&A...708A.148S https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/A+A/708/A148 Catalog Research IsServedBy TAP VizieR generic service IsServedBy Conesearch service https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.html https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/708/A148 https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/708/A148 http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/708/A148 https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/708/A148 https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/708/A148 http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/708/A148 GET text/xml+votable https://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tap Cone search capability for table J/A+A/708/A148/table1 (List of 516 BAT GRBs in the training set) https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/708/A148/table1? https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/708/A148/table1? http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/708/A148/table1? GET text/xml+votable 180.0 50000 true 278.1134167 42.3706111 0.005555555555555556 Cone search capability for table J/A+A/708/A148/table3 (List of 650 BAT GRBs in the generalization set) https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/708/A148/table3? https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/708/A148/table3? http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/708/A148/table3? GET text/xml+votable 180.0 50000 true 6.1154167 62.8427778 0.005555555555555556 Cone search capability for table J/A+A/708/A148/table4 (Properties of BAT GRBs with redshift) https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/708/A148/table4? https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/708/A148/table4? http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/708/A148/table4? GET text/xml+votable 180.0 50000 true 278.1134167 42.3706111 0.005555555555555556 6/112 126 186 205 207 210-211 228 314 338 423 453 462 500 503 524 550 576 590 646 699 744-745 825 866 877 908 918 923 944 1001 1040 1087 1102 1133 1335 1468 1507 1632 1717 1734 1882 1987 2044 2107 2118 2258 2311 2315 2336 2357 2385 2391 2456 2473 2574 2603 2647 2682 2792-2793 2809 2929 2948-2949 3056 3059 3071 3089 3098 3111 3306 3316 3388 3399 3405 3447 3462 3473 3482 3506 3547 3551 3586 3589 3597 3611 3642 3675 3700 3706 3708 3718 3816 3832 3849 3894 3935 4060 4108 4134 4271 4312 4323-4324 4378 4397 4449-4450 4595 4717 4788 4800 4809 4829 4955 4977 4980 5051 5073 5080 5135 5155 5162 5167 5184 5234 5253 5376 5431 5481 5493 5525 5606 5618 5625 5633 5657 5718 5726 5745 5752 5790-5791 5840 5849 5871 5941 5951 5998 6004 6102 6261 6278 6404 6445 6521 6523 6624 6752 6758 6862 7034 7043-7044 7054 7079 7084 7119 7156 7164 7169 7182 7227 7254 7265 7276 7322 7354 7356 7363 7370 7518 7532 7589 7606 7614 7665 7747 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43316 43369 43403 43479 43558 43705 43710 43920 44021-44022 44073 44105 44125 44165 44179 44189 44212 44221 44246 44264 44291 44436 44457 44481 44493 44543 44630 44715 44739 44773 44795 44822 44857 44911 45008 45010 45088 45180 45205 45233 45287 45361 45399 45402 45409 45422 45493 45503 45509-45510 45561 45677 45725 45762 45777 45827-45828 45835-45836 45852 45895 45938 46002 46022 46150 46209 46218 46250 46365 46375 46395 46445 46510 46529 46594 46679 46789 46814 46899 46910 46950 46953 46989 47031 47085 47117 47121 47136 47162 47244-47245 47251 47253 47257 47271 47362 47411 47436 47459 47517 47588 47618 47620 47632 47740 47793 47882 47911 47945 47966 47991 48007 48054 48151 48189 48219 48254 48269 48319 48371 48387 48422 48447 48458 48481 48498 48571 48594-48595 48597 48637 48872 49004 https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/A+A/708/A148?format=ascii Gamma-ray default J/A+A/708/A148/table1 List of 516 BAT GRBs in the training set recno Record number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification. meta.record int GRB GRB name meta.id;meta.main char T90 Duration s time.duration float Simbad Simbad column added by the CDS meta.ref.url char Fp Peak flux ph.cm**-2.s**-1 phot.flux.density;em.gamma.hard float e_Fp ? 1-sigma symmetric error on Fp ph.cm**-2.s**-1 stat.error float nullable Sgamma Fluence (in 10^-7^erg/cm^2^) 1e-14J.cm**-2 phot.fluence;em.gamma.hard float e_Sgamma 1-sigma symmetric error on Sgamma (in 10^-7^erg/cm^2^) 1e-14J.cm**-2 stat.error float Gamma Photon index meta.code;spect.index float Ep Peak energy keV em.energy int E_Ep Upper error on Ep keV stat.error;stat.max int e_Ep Lower error on Ep keV stat.error int _RA Right Ascension (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data) deg pos.eq.ra;meta.main nullable _DE Declination (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data) deg pos.eq.dec;meta.main nullable
J/A+A/708/A148/table3 List of 650 BAT GRBs in the generalization set Simbad Simbad column added by the CDS meta.ref.url char recno Record number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification. meta.record int GRB GRB name meta.id;meta.main char T90 Duration s time.duration float Fp Peak flux ph.cm**-2.s**-1 phot.flux.density;em.gamma.hard float e_Fp ? 1-sigma symmetric error on Fp ph.cm**-2.s**-1 stat.error float nullable Sgamma Fluence (in 10^-7^erg/cm^2^) 1e-14J.cm**-2 phot.fluence;em.gamma.hard float e_Sgamma ? 1-sigma symmetric error on Sgamma (in 10^-7^erg/cm^2^) 1e-14J.cm**-2 stat.error float nullable Gamma Photon index meta.code;spect.index float Eppred Predicted peak energy keV em.energy int Epcor Bias-corrected predicted peak energy keV em.energy int _RA Right Ascension (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data) deg pos.eq.ra;meta.main nullable _DE Declination (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data) deg pos.eq.dec;meta.main nullable
J/A+A/708/A148/table4 Properties of BAT GRBs with redshift e_Fp ? 1-sigma symmetric error on Fp ph.cm**-2.s**-1 stat.error float nullable Simbad Simbad column added by the CDS meta.ref.url char recno Record number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification. meta.record int GRB GRB name meta.id;meta.main char n_GRB [*] Note on GRB name (1) meta.note char T90 Duration s time.duration float Fp Peak flux ph.cm**-2.s**-1 phot.flux.density;em.gamma.hard float Sgamma Fluence (in 10^-7^erg/cm^2^) 1e-14J.cm**-2 phot.fluence;em.gamma.hard float e_Sgamma ? 1-sigma symmetric error on Sgamma (in 10^-7^erg/cm^2^) 1e-14J.cm**-2 stat.error float nullable alpha Low-energy photon spectral index (2) spect.index float beta ? High-energy photon spectral index (2) spect.index float nullable z Redshift src.redshift double Epz ? Rest-frame peak energy keV em.energy int nullable E_Epz ? Upper error on Epz keV stat.error;stat.max int nullable e_Epz ? Lower error on Epz keV stat.error int nullable logEiso Isotropic energy (in erg) log(1e-07J) phys.energy float E_logEiso Upper error on logEiso (in erg) log(1e-07J) stat.error;stat.max float e_logEiso Lower error on logEiso (in erg) log(1e-07J) stat.error float logLiso Isotropic luminosity (in erg/s) log(1e-07W) phys.luminosity float E_logLiso Upper error on logLiso (in erg/s) log(1e-07W) stat.error;stat.max float e_logLiso Lower error on logLiso (in erg/s) log(1e-07W) stat.error float _RA Right Ascension (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data) deg pos.eq.ra;meta.main nullable _DE Declination (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data) deg pos.eq.dec;meta.main nullable