J/A+A/707/A80ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/707/A80CDSSalmaso I.Pastorello A.Borsato E.Benetti S.Botticella M.T.,Cai Y.-Z.Elias-Rosa N.Farina A.Fraser M.Galbany L.,Gonzalez-Banuelos M.Gutierrez C.P.Huang M.Lundqvist P.Kangas T.,Killestein T.L.Kravtsov T.Matilainen K.Morales-Garoffolo A.Mura A.,Pignata G.Reguitti A.Reynolds T.M.Smartt S.Srivastav S.,Tartaglia L.Valerin G.Wang Z.-Y.2026-04-02T06:28:33Z2026-02-27T08:39:56ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frsupernovaephotometryvisible-astronomySupernovae (SNe) IIn are terminal explosions of massive stars that are surrounded by a dense circumstellar medium (CSM). Among SNe IIn, a notable subset is the SNe 2009ip-like, which exhibit an initial, fainter peak attributed to stellar variability in the late evolutionary stages, followed by a brighter peak, interpreted as the SN explosion itself. In this context, we analyse the spectrophotometric evolution of SN 2024hpj, an object with a triple-peaked light curve and spectra typical of a SN IIn but with a complex line profile composed of broad P-Cygni features topped by narrow emissions. Comparing it with other SNe 2009ip-like in the literature, as well as other unpublished objects (SNe 2019mry, 2022ytx, 2024uzf, and 2025csc), we identify star-forming regions as their preferred formation environment. On the other hand, the diversity of spectrophotometric features within the sample suggests that variations in CSM mass and distribution may influence the observed characteristics. We identify four sub-classes based on the luminosity and rapidity of the light curve evolution, which give insights regarding possible differences in the progenitors, while a statistical analysis on their observed rate indicates progenitor masses around 25-31M_{sun}_ and lower.2026A&A...707A..80Shttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/A+A/707/A80CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic servicehttps://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/707/A80https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/707/A80http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/707/A80https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/707/A80https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/707/A80http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/707/A80GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapOpticaldefaultJ/A+A/707/A80/confrontlog of spectral observationsrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintSNSupernova namemeta.id;meta.maincharDateObservation datetime.epoch;obsnullableMJDModified Julian Datedtime.epochintPhasePhase from peakdtime.phaseintTelTelescopemeta.id;instr.telcharInstInstrumentmeta.id;instrcharGrismGrismmeta.notecharExpTimeExposure timestime.duration;obs.exposurecharResResolution0.1nmspect.resolutionintJ/A+A/707/A80/s2024hpjSN 2024hpj log of spectral observationrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintDateObsevation datetime.epochnullableMJDModified Julian Datedtime.epochintPhaseFromExplosionPhase from explosiondtime.phaseintPhaseFromPeakPhase from peakdtime.phaseintTelTelescopemeta.id;instr.telcharInstInstrumentmeta.id;instrcharGrismGrismmeta.notecharExpTimeExposure timestime.duration;obs.exposurecharResResolution0.1nmspect.resolutionfloatJ/A+A/707/A80/p2019mrySN 2019mry photometry (IV griz)recnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintDateObservation datetime.epoch;obsnullableMJDModified Julian Datedtime.epochdoubleBandBand (1)instr.bandpasscharSystem[ab vega] Band systemmeta.codecharmagMagnitude in Bandmagphot.magfloate_mag? Error on magnitude in Bandmagstat.error;phot.magfloatnullableFlag[PFU] Flag (P/F=reliable, U=upper limit)meta.code.errorcharTelTelescopemeta.id;instr.telcharJ/A+A/707/A80/p2022mopSN 2022mop photometry (BV ugriz gaia.G cyan orange PS1.w PS1.y)recnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintDateObservation datetime.epoch;obsnullableMJDModified Julian Datedtime.epochdoubleBandBand (1)instr.bandpasscharSystem[ab vega] Band systemmeta.codecharmagMagnitude in Bandmagphot.magfloate_mag? Error on magnitude in Bandmagstat.error;phot.magfloatnullableFlag[PFU] Flag (P/F=reliable, U=upper limit)meta.code.errorcharTelTelescopemeta.id;instr.telcharJ/A+A/707/A80/p2022ytxSN 2022ytx photometry (V ugriz gaia.G cyan orange PS1.w)recnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintDateObservation datetime.epoch;obsnullableMJDModified Julian Datedtime.epochdoubleBandBand (1)instr.bandpasscharSystem[ab vega] Band systemmeta.codecharmagMagnitude in Bandmagphot.magfloate_mag? Error on magnitude in Bandmagstat.error;phot.magfloatnullableFlag[PFU] Flag (P/F=reliable, U=upper limit)meta.code.errorcharTelTelescopemeta.id;instr.telcharJ/A+A/707/A80/p2024hpjSN 2024hpj photometry (JHK ugri cyan orange PS1.w PS1.y)magMagnitude in Bandmagphot.magfloate_mag? Error on magnitude in Bandmagstat.error;phot.magfloatnullableFlag[PFU] Flag (P/F=reliable, U=upper limit)meta.code.errorcharTelTelescopemeta.id;instr.telcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintDateObservation datetime.epoch;obsnullableMJDModified Julian Datedtime.epochdoubleBandBand (1)instr.bandpasscharSystem[ab vega] Band systemmeta.codecharJ/A+A/707/A80/p2024uzfSN 2024uzf photometry (ugri cyan orange)recnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintDateObservation datetime.epoch;obsnullableMJDModified Julian Datedtime.epochdoubleBandBand (1)instr.bandpasscharSystem[ab vega] Band systemmeta.codecharmagMagnitude in Bandmagphot.magfloate_mag? Error on magnitude in Bandmagstat.error;phot.magfloatnullableFlag[PFU] Flag (P/F=reliable, U=upper limit)meta.code.errorcharTelTelescopemeta.id;instr.telcharJ/A+A/707/A80/p2025cscSN 2025csc photometry (griz cyan orange)recnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintDateObservation datetime.epoch;obsnullableMJDModified Julian Datedtime.epochdoubleBandBand (1)instr.bandpasscharSystem[ab vega] Band systemmeta.codecharmagMagnitude in Bandmagphot.magfloate_mag? Error on magnitude in Bandmagstat.error;phot.magfloatnullableFlag[PFU] Flag (P/F=reliable, U=upper limit)meta.code.errorcharTelTelescopemeta.id;instr.telchar