J/A+A/707/A216ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/707/A216CDSPolnitzky F.A.Ratzenbock S.Grossschedl J.Alves J.2026-04-02T06:28:33Z2026-03-17T08:13:46ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.fryoung-stellar-objectsstellar-agesvisible-astronomyinfrared-photometryDetermining how long circumstellar disks last is key to understanding the timescale of planet formation. Typically, this is done by measuring the fraction of young stars with infrared-excess, a sign of circumstellar material, in stellar clusters of different ages. However, comparing data from different star-forming regions at different distances introduces uncertainties and biases because of the different sample completeness and environment. This study addresses these challenges by analyzing 33 clusters, aged 3 to 21 million years (PARSEC isochrones), within the Scorpius-Centaurus OB association, sampling the stellar IMF from the hydrogen burning limit to about 8M_{sun{_. By using Gaia, 2MASS, and WISE data, we identified stars with infrared-excess through color-color diagrams and spectral energy distributions, ensuring a consistent selection of disk-bearing sources. Our results indicate a disk lifetime of 5.8+/-0.3Myr, about a factor of two longer than most previous estimates, suggesting that planet formation may have more time than previously thought. We also find that an exponential decay model best describes disk dispersal. These findings emphasize the importance of studying disk evolution in a single star-forming region to reduce uncertainties and refine our understanding of planet formation timelines.2026A&A...707A.216Phttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/A+A/707/A216CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toI/355 : Gaia DR3 Part 1. Main source (Gaia Collaboration, 2022)J/A+A/678/A71 : Cluster ages in Sco-Cen (Ratzenboeck+, 2023)J/AJ/163/25 : Circumstellar disk populations in the Sco-Cen complexhttps://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/707/A216https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/707/A216http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/707/A216https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/707/A216https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/707/A216http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/707/A216GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/A+A/707/A216/sources (Catalog of stellar sources (table C3))https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/707/A216/sources?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/707/A216/sources?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/707/A216/sources?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true181.8890790153866-39.54844318931350.0055555555555555563/667 4/2602 2622-2623 2661-2663 2665-2667 2672 2675 2680 2682-2684 2686-2687 2689 2691 2694-2698 2700-2701 2703-2706 2708-2710 2712-2713 2716 2720 2752-2754 2756-2757 2768-2769 2772 5/7298-7299 7302-7303 7308 9239 9280 9282 9301 9489 9492 9537 9540 10280 10283 10368 10376 10378-10379 10402 10412 10416 10426 10430 10474 10479 10484 10486 10559 10601-10604 10606-10607 10619 10633 10637-10638 10642-10643 10657-10659 10692 10694-10696 10698-10699 10704 10706 10712 10714-10715 10724 10727 10742 10761 10763 10768 10772-10773 10775 10796 10798-10799 10809-10811 10828 10830-10831 10844-10846 10856-10858 10860 10869 10884-10886 10888-10889 10896 10899-10900 10944 11020-11021 11023 11033 11036 11038 11044 11059-11060 11080-11081 11084-11085 11092-11094 11096-11097 11099-11100 11108 11953 11955-11956 11958 11960-11961 11963-11964 6/24580-24582 24589 24604 24608 24627 24629 28675-28676 28678-28680 28682-28684 28688 28690-28691 28695 28702 28723 28730 28736-28737 28739-28741 28749 28808-28809 28818 28833 28836 28844 28859 29184 29187 29189 29191 29200-29202 29206 29217 29219 29221-29222 29224 29226-29228 29230-29231 29237-29238 29241 29243 29245 29247 29287-29288 29290 29295 29315 29319-29320 29323 29325 29327 29329-29332 29335 29338-29339 29341 29344 29347-29348 29351-29352 29354 29356 29358-29359 29361 29363 29370 29377-29379 29384-29386 29392 29394 29415 29427 30720 30722-30723 30728 30731-30732 30734-30735 30738 30740-30741 30744-30745 30750 30752 30756 30758-30761 30769 30772 30851 30856 30858 30890 31242 31247 31257 31259 31271 31273 36914-36915 36936 36943 36946 36948 36951 36955 36961 36967 36979 37004 37009 37012-37013 37056 37125-37127 37132 37136-37137 37140-37142 37145-37146 37158 37173 37184-37185 37196-37197 37203 37212-37213 37248 37328 37889-37890 37892-37893 37895 37901 37905 37907-37909 37915 37917-37919 37940 37951 37953-37955 37962-37965 37973-37975 37978 37980-37981 37988 37990-37991 37996 38000-38001 38144-38146 38154 38159 38166 38175-38177 38181 38184 38189 38191 38197 38201 38208 38211-38213 38215-38216 38225 38228-38229 38233 38242 38247 38253 38261 38272 38341 38352 38382 38746 38850 41102 41126-41130 41145 41149 41476-41478 41480 41482 41484 41486 41489 41492 41500 41508-41510 41522-41524 41526 41528 41530-41532 41546-41547 41574 41577 41579 41583 41587 41596 41600-41602 41604 41606-41607 41612-41613 41616 41618-41619 41622 41624-41625 41628 41630 41652 41656-41658 41661-41662 41668 41670 41673 41677 41681 41686 41688 41690 41692-41693 41698 41701-41703 41708 41710-41712 41714-41715 41718-41719 41726-41727 41741 41745 41760 41778 41794 41815 41819 41821 41836 41839 41850 41855-41857 41859-41860 41863-41865 41867-41869 41871 41874 41877 41880-41881 41883-41884 41887-41888 41890-41891 41893-41895 41900 41902-41903 41905-41908 41910-41912 41914-41915 41922 41924-41925 41929 41934-41935 41940-41942 41949-41951 42123 42161 42168 42172 42174 42199 42219-42221 42223 42227 42229 42231-42232 42234 42294 42302-42303 42311 42313-42315 42317 42319 42323 42326-42327 42330-42331 42333-42335 42339 42341 42344 42346 42348-42349 42351-42353 42355-42357 42360 42362-42363 42365-42366 42376 42379-42380 42382 42384 42387-42388 42393 42397-42399 42402 42422-42423 42436 42440-42441 42443-42445 42449-42450 42454 42459 42462-42463 42466-42467 42470 42473-42475 42481 42483 42485 42490 42492-42493 42495 42508-42509 42512 42515-42517 42519-42521 42523-42524 42526-42527 42530 42539 42541 42544 42557-42561 42563 42565-42567 42626-42627 42774-42775 42789-42791 42820-42822 42828 42830-42833 42835 42840-42841 42844-42845 42847 42852 42854-42855 42865-42866 42868-42869 42873-42875 42877 42900-42901 42903 42905-42907 42961-42964 42966-42967 42972-42974 43009-43014 43016-43017 43019-43020 43022-43023 43041 43049-43051 43076-43078 43080 43082-43083 43085-43087 43096-43098 43188-43190 43232-43233 43235 43316-43317 43319 43389-43391 43436 43444-43446 43448-43450 43453-43455 43472-43473 43475 43480-43481 43483-43484 43486-43487 43491-43493 43496-43497 43501 43503 43505 43508-43510 43512-43513 43549-43551 43560-43561 43563-43565 43568 43570-43572 43574-43575 43580 43588-43589 43591-43593 43595 43605 43607-43610 43612-43613 43616 43619 43624 43626 43628 43630-43632 43639 43642 43653-43655 43657-43659 43663-43665 43668-43670 43672-43673 43677 43682-43683 43685 43689-43693 43704 43707 43713 43715 43718 43722 43728 43753 43781 43783 43787 43789 43796 43798-43799 43801 43803 43805 43812 43825 43829 43840-43842 43845-43846 43856 44088 44090 44128-44130 44136-44137 44139-44142 44148-44149 44151 44156-44157 44159 44162-44166 44169 44171-44172 44174-44175 44180 44186 44189-44190 44195-44198 44201 44204-44205 44207 44210 44213-44214 44216-44217 44221-44222 44226-44227 44229-44234 44244-44245 44247 44249 44251-44253 44256-44258 44267 44278 44329-44331 44333-44335 44345-44346 44348-44349 44380 44382 44392-44394 44404-44405 44408-44410 44412 44416 44418-44422 44425 44436 44440 44445 44449 44460 44465 44468-44469 44481 44483 44485 44489 44494 44498-44501 44527 44531 44549-44550 44608 44610 44624 44877 44881 44887 44889 44895 47727 47730 47735 47738-47739 47741-47743 47765 47767 47777 47795 47798-47799 47802-47803 47805-47807 47811 47817-47819 47828 47830-47831 47837-47839 47848-47849 47860 47863-47864 47866 478821.1166583743361574e-19 1.7003137259100215e-19https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/A+A/707/A216?format=asciiOpticalInfrareddefaultJ/A+A/707/A216/clustersCatalog of stellar clusters (table C2)recnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintSigMAlabelLabel of the stellar cluster (SigMA_label)meta.codefloatE_dflargeRUWEHigher uncertainty of the disk fraction in the RUWE>=1.4 subset (df_higher_largeRUWE)stat.error;stat.maxdoubleClusterName of the stellar cluster (cluster_name)meta.id;meta.maincharAgeAge of the stellar cluster from Ratzenbock et al., 2023A&A...678A..71R (Parsec, Bp-Rp) (age)Myrtime.agefloate_AgeLower uncertainty of the age of the stellar cluster (age_lower)Myrstat.error;time.agedoubleE_AgeHigher uncertainty of the age of the stellar cluster (age_higher)Myrstat.error;stat.maxdoubleNCCDNumber of sources from the CCD selection (N_CCD)meta.numberintnD-CCDNumber of disk-bearing sources from the CCD selection (n_D_CCD)meta.numberintnND-CCDNumber of disk-less sources from the CCD selection (n_ND_CCD)meta.numberintdfCCDDisk fraction from the CCD selection (df_CCD)meta.numberdoublee_dfCCDLower uncertainty of the disk fraction from the CCD selection (df_lower_CCD)stat.errordoubleE_dfCCDHigher uncertainty of the disk fraction from the CCD selection (df_higher_CCD)stat.error;stat.maxdoubleNSEDNumber of sources from the SED selection (N_SED)meta.numberintnD-SEDNumber of disk-bearing sources from the SED selection (n_D_SED)meta.numberintnND-SEDNumber of disk-less sources from the SED selection (n_ND_SED)meta.numberintdfSEDDisk fraction from the SED selection (df_SED)meta.numberdoublee_dfSEDLower uncertainty of the disk fraction from the SED selection (df_lower_SED)stat.errordoubleE_dfSEDHigher uncertainty of the disk fraction from the SED selection (df_higher_SED)stat.error;stat.maxdoubleNLuhman? Number of sources from the Luhman selection (N_Luhman)meta.numberintnullablenDLuhman? Number of disk-bearing sources from the Luhman selection (n_D_Luhman)meta.numberintnullablenNDLuhman? Number of disk-less sources from the Luhman selection (n_ND_Luhman)meta.numberintnullabledfLuhman? Disk fraction from the Luhman selection (df_Luhman)meta.numberdoublenullablee_dfLuhman? Lower uncertainty of the disk fraction from the Luhman selection (df_lower_Luhman)stat.errordoublenullableE_dfLuhman? Higher uncertainty of the disk fraction from the Luhman selection (df_higher_Luhman)stat.error;stat.maxdoublenullableNsmallRUWENumber of sources in the RUWE<1.4 subset (N_smallRUWE)meta.numberintnDsmallRUWENumber of disk-bearing sources in the RUWE<1.4 subset (n_D_smallRUWE)meta.numberintnNDsmallRUWENumber of disk-less sources in the RUWE<1.4 subset (n_ND_smallRUWE)meta.numberintdfsmallRUWEDisk fraction in the RUWE < 1.4 subset (df_smallRUWE)meta.numberdoublee_dfsmallRUWELower uncertainty of the disk fraction in the RUWE<1.4 subset (df_lower_smallRUWE)stat.errordoubleE_dfsmallRUWEHigher uncertainty of the disk fraction in the RUWE<1.4 subset (df_higher_smallRUWE)stat.error;stat.maxdoubleNlargeRUWENumber of sources in the RUWE >= 1.4 subset (N_largeRUWE)meta.numberintnDlargeRUWENumber of disk-bearing sources in the RUWE>=1.4 subset (n_D_largeRUWE)meta.numberintnNDlargeRUWENumber of disk-less sources in the RUWE>=1.4 subset (n_ND_largeRUWE)meta.numberintdflargeRUWEDisk fraction in the RUWE >= 1.4 subset (df_largeRUWE)meta.numberdoublee_dflargeRUWELower uncertainty of the disk fraction in the RUWE>=1.4 subset (df_lower_largeRUWE)stat.errordoubleJ/A+A/707/A216/sourcesCatalog of stellar sources (table C3)interKW3? Intercept of the SED fitting between K_S to W3 (intercept_KW3)stat.fitdoublenullablee_interKW3? Uncertainty in the intercept of the SED fitting between KS to W3 (e_intercept_KW3)stat.errordoublenullablealphaKW4? Slope of the SED fitting between KS to W4 (alpha_KW4)meta.crypticdoublenullableinterKW4? Intercept of the SED fitting between KS to W4 (intercept_KW4)stat.fitdoublenullablerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintGaiaDR3Gaia source identification number (source_id)meta.id;meta.mainRA_ICRS? Right ascension (ICRS) at Ep=2016.0 from Gaia (ra)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainnullableindexedDE_ICRS? Declination (ICRS) at Ep=2016.0 from Gaia (dec)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainnullableindexedGLON? Galactic longitude from Gaia (l)degpos.galactic.lonnullableGLAT? Galactic latitude from Gaia (b)degpos.galactic.latdoublenullableruwe? The RUWE parameter from Gaia (ruwe)stat.errordoublenullableW1mag? W1 magnitude from AllWISE (W1mag)magphot.mag;em.IR.3-4umfloatnullablee_W1mag? Uncertainty in the W1 magnitude from AllWISE (e_W1mag)magstat.error;phot.magfloatnullableW2mag? W2 magnitude from AllWISE (W2mag)magphot.mag;em.IR.4-8umfloatnullablee_W2mag? Uncertainty in the W2 magnitude from AllWISE (e_W2mag)magstat.error;phot.magfloatnullableW3mag? W3 magnitude from AllWISE (W3mag)magphot.flux.density;em.IR.8-15umfloatnullablee_W3mag? Uncertainty in the W3 magnitude from AllWISE (e_W3mag)magstat.error;phot.magfloatnullableW4mag? W4 magnitude from AllWISE (W4mag)magphot.flux.density;em.IR.15-30umfloatnullablee_W4mag? Uncertainty in the W4 magnitude from AllWISE (e_W4mag)magstat.error;phot.magfloatnullableJmag? Magnitude in the J band from 2MASS (Jmag)magphot.mag;em.IR.Jfloatnullablee_Jmag? Uncertainty in the magnitude in the J band from 2MASS (e_Jmag)magstat.error;phot.magfloatnullableHmag? Magnitude in the H band from 2MASS (Hmag)magphot.mag;em.IR.Hfloatnullablee_Hmag? Uncertainty in the magnitude in the H band from 2MASS (e_Hmag)magstat.error;phot.magfloatnullableKmag? Magnitude in the KS band from 2MASS (Kmag)magphot.mag;em.IR.Kfloatnullablee_Kmag? Uncertainty in the magnitude in the KS band from 2MASS (e_Kmag)magstat.error;phot.magfloatnullablesnr1? Signal-to-noise ratio in the W1 band from AllWISE (snr1)stat.snrfloatnullablechi2W1? Reduced chi-squared value in the W1 band from AllWISE (chi2W1)stat.fit.chi2doublenullablesnr2? Signal-to-noise ratio in the W2 band from AllWISE (snr2)stat.snrfloatnullablechi2W2? Reduced chi-squared value in the W2 band from AllWISE (chi2W2)stat.fit.chi2doublenullablesnr3? Signal-to-noise ratio in the W3 band from AllWISE (snr3)stat.snrfloatnullablechi2W3? Reduced chi-squared value in the W3 band from AllWISE (chi2W3)stat.fit.chi2doublenullablesnr4? Signal-to-noise ratio in the W4 band from AllWISE (snr4)stat.snrfloatnullablechi2W4? Reduced chi-squared value in the W4 band from AllWISE (chi2W4)stat.fit.chi2doublenullableW123? Selection of disks in the W123 CCDs (W123) (1)meta.codecharW124? Selection of disks in the W124 CCDs (W124) (1)meta.codecharHKW2? Selection of disks in the HKW2 CCDs (HKW2) (1)meta.codecharHKW3? Selection of disks in the HKW3 CCDs (HKW3) (1)meta.codecharDiskSED? Selection of disks in the SED (Disk_SED) (1)meta.codecharalphaKW3? Slope of the SED fitting between KS to W3 (alpha_KW3)meta.crypticdoublenullablee_alphaKW3? Uncertainty in the slope of the SED fitting between KS and W3 (e_alpha_KW3)stat.errordoublenullablee_alphaKW4? Uncertainty in the slope of the SED fitting between K_S and W4 (e_alpha_KW4)stat.errordoublenullablee_interKW4? Uncertainty in the intercept of the SED fitting between KS to W4 (e_intercept_KW4)stat.errordoublenullablealphaW13? Slope of the SED fitting between W1 to W3 (alpha_W13)meta.crypticdoublenullablee_alphaW13? Uncertainty in the slope of the SED fitting between W1 and W3 (e_alpha_W13)stat.errordoublenullableinterW13? Intercept of the SED fitting between W1 to W3 (intercept_W13)stat.fitdoublenullablee_interW13? Uncertainty in the intercept of the SED fitting between W1 to W3 (e_intercept_W13)stat.errordoublenullablealphaW14? Slope of the SED fitting between W1 to W4 (alpha_W14)meta.crypticdoublenullablee_alphaW14? Uncertainty in the slope of the SED fitting between W1 and W4 (e_alpha_W14)stat.errordoublenullableinterW14? Intercept of the SED fitting between W1 to W4 (intercept_W14)stat.fitdoublenullablee_interW14? Uncertainty in the intercept of the SED fitting between W1 to W4 (e_intercept_W14)stat.errordoublenullablealphaKW2? Slope of the SED fitting between KS to W2 (alpha_KW2)meta.crypticdoublenullablee_alphaKW2? Uncertainty in the slope of the SED fitting between KS and W2 (e_alpha_KW2)stat.errordoublenullableinterKW2? Intercept of the SED fitting between KS to W2 (intercept_KW2)stat.fitdoublenullablee_interKW2? Uncertainty in the intercept of the SED fitting between KS to W2 (e_intercept_KW2)stat.errordoublenullablealpha? alpha-value used in the selection (alpha)meta.crypticdoublenullableDiskClLuhman? Disk type from Luhman 2022AJ....163...25L (DiskClass_Luhman)src.classcharDiskLuhman? Selection of disks from Luhman (2022AJ....163...25L) (Disk_Luhman) (1)src.classcharSigMAlabel? Stellar cluster label to which the source belongs to (SigMA_label)meta.codefloatnullableAllWISE? AllWISE identification number (AllWISE)meta.idcharDiskCCD? Selection of disks in the CCDs (Disk_CCD) (1)meta.codechar