Selection function Gaia DR3 open cluster census J/A+A/706/A341 ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/706/A341 doi:10.26093/cds/vizier/bc-p2/ldeb CDS Hunt E.L. Cantat-Gaudin T. Anders F. Malhotra S. Spina L.,Castro-Ginard A. Cavallo L. 2026-04-02T20:03:00Z 2026-02-25T09:22:41Z CDS support team CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France cds-question@unistra.fr milky-way-galaxy surveys open-star-clusters visible-astronomy astronomical-models Open clusters are among the most useful and widespread tracers of Galactic structure. The completeness of the Galactic open cluster census, however, remains poorly understood. For the first time ever, we establish the selection function of an entire open cluster census, publishing our results as an open-source Python package for use by the community. Our work is valid for the Hunt & Reffert (2024A&A...686A..42H, Cat. J/A+A/686/A42) catalogue of clusters in Gaia DR3. We developed and open-sourced our cluster simulator from our first work. Then, we performed 80590 injection and retrievals of simulated open clusters to test the Hunt & Reffert (2024A&A...686A..42H, Cat. J/A+A/686/A42) catalogue's sensitivity. We fit a logistic model of cluster detectability that depends only on a cluster's number of stars, median parallax error, Gaia data density, and a user-specified significance threshold. We find that our simple model accurately predicts cluster detectability, with a 94.53% accuracy on our training data that is comparable to a machine-learning based model with orders of magnitude more parameters. Our model itself offers numerous insights on why certain clusters are detected. We briefly use our model to show that cluster detectability depends on non-intuitive parameters, such as a cluster's proper motion, and we show that even a modest 25km/s boost to a cluster's orbital speed can result in an almost 3 times higher detection probability, depending on its position. In addition, we publish our raw cluster injection and retrievals and cluster memberships, which could be used for a number of other science cases -- such as estimating cluster membership incompleteness. Using our results, selection effect-corrected studies are now possible with the open cluster census. Our work will enable a number of brand new types of study, such as detailed comparisons between the Milky Way's cluster census and recent extragalactic cluster samples. 2026A&A...706A.341H https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/A+A/706/A341 Catalog Research IsServedBy TAP VizieR generic service IsServedBy Conesearch service related-to J/A+A/646/A104 : Improving the open cluster census. I. (Hunt+, 2021) J/A+A/686/A42 : Improving the open cluster census. III. (Hunt+, 2024) https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.html https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/706/A341 https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/706/A341 http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/706/A341 https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/706/A341 https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/706/A341 http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/706/A341 GET text/xml+votable https://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tap Cone search capability for table J/A+A/706/A341/clusters (Simulated clusters (table B.1)) https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/706/A341/clusters? https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/706/A341/clusters? http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/706/A341/clusters? 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24165-24166 24168-24169 24171 24185-24187 24197 24199-24201 24203 24205 24207 24212 24215 24218 24220-24221 24223 24229 24232 24236-24237 24243-24244 24250-24251 24253-24254 24261-24263 24297-24299 24304 24306-24307 24396-24398 24402-24403 24409 24411 24413-24416 24418-24419 24421-24423 24428 24430 24436 24438 24445 24447 24524-24526 24532-24534 24537-24539 24560 24563 24642 24668 24743 24745 24764 24810 24814 24850 24856 24905 24915 24998 25116 25118 25128 25135 25154 25167 25170 25177 25187 25244 25269 25290 25312 25314 25316 25319 25383 25429 25527 25559 25831 25859 25896 25953 25993 26031 26069 26117 26134 26158 26209 26225 26265 26331 26406 26456 26663 26669 26674 26700 26739 26785 26806 26812 26828 26858 26869 26882 26886 26977 27065 27102 27240 27298 27329 27540 27585 27601 27629 27696 27750 27754 27817 27824 27963 28023 28108 28317 28339 28351 28372 28442 28629 28672-28673 28680-28681 28685 28689 28691 28694-28696 28699 28701-28702 28704 28707-28710 28721 28723 28728 28730-28731 28733-28736 28746 28748-28749 28752 28756-28757 28760 28765 28769-28770 28776-28778 28780 28782-28783 28785 28787 28789-28790 28796-28798 28804 28806-28807 28840-28841 28843-28846 28884 28886-28887 28904-28906 28928 28933-28934 28939 28942 28945-28946 28949-28950 28962 28969 28971 28975-28977 28981 28983 28986-28988 28990-28991 28994 28999 29001 29006-29007 29009 29012 29015 29019 29022 29024-29025 29027 29031-29034 29037 29040-29042 29044 29049 29051 29053-29054 29061-29063 29065-29068 29070-29071 29073 29075-29076 29079 29120 29122-29123 29129-29133 29135 29137-29139 29142 29146 29150 29173-29175 29180 29182-29186 29188-29189 29191 29195 29197-29198 29204 29207 29213-29214 29218 29221 29224-29225 29228 29233 29235-29237 29239 29241-29242 29246-29247 29256-29257 29260 29262-29263 29273-29275 29281-29282 29285 29289 29291 29296-29297 29300-29301 29303-29305 29307-29309 29311 29313 29315 29317 29321 29323-29324 29331 29334 29337-29338 29340 29345 29348 29350 29353 29359 29361 29364 29367 29370 29373 29383 29387 29390 29394-29395 29404 29407 29411 29414 29416-29417 29420 29427 29430-29432 29435 29437-29438 29472 29474 29478 29480 29483-29484 29487 29492-29493 29495 29497-29500 29502-29503 29548-29550 29569-29571 29573 29576 29579 29582 29585 29587-29588 29595 29597 29603-29606 29610-29611 29614 29617 29619 29624 29632-29634 29637 29641-29643 29648-29650 29652 29654-29656 29661 29663 29667-29668 29672-29674 29677-29678 29681 29683-29684 29692 29695 29715 29717 29720 29728-29730 29737-29739 29743-29744 29747 29750 29754 29758 29760 29766 29771-29773 29781 29786 29797 29801-29805 29808 29814 29817 29826 29829 29832 29834-29835 29837 29848 29850 29854-29857 29859 29864 29866-29867 29869-29872 29874 29877-29878 29886 29889 29892 29894-29895 29899 29906 29910 29914 29916 29924 29926 29929-29932 29934 29936-29937 29939-29940 29945-29947 29949 29953 29957 29970 29980 29983 29994 29999 30010-30011 30015 30020 30030 30057 30059 30062-30063 30065 30082 30089-30090 30092-30093 30098 30100-30101 30104 30106-30108 30112-30113 30115 30122 30125-30128 30131-30132 30137 30150 30153 30158 30163 30170 30172 30178 30182 30185 30187 30189 30191-30192 30194 30201-30203 30212 30214-30215 30229 30231 30272-30274 30278-30279 30281-30283 30289-30291 30293-30295 30301-30303 30336-30338 30345 30349-30351 30368 30378 30381 30383 30385 30387-30388 30391-30392 30394-30395 30432-30434 30436-30437 30439-30440 30443-30446 30456 30459-30462 30467-30468 30470 30476-30478 30481-30485 30487 30489 30493-30495 30501-30503 30513-30515 30519 30528-30529 30537-30541 30545-30548 30551 30553 30558-30561 30563 30568 30570-30571 30573-30575 30577-30578 30580-30582 30585-30587 30589-30591 30725 30732 30734-30735 30738 30744 30746 30751 30757 30775 30784 30788-30789 30791 30793 30798 30803 30808 30811 30814-30815 30818 30825 30831-30832 30834 30839 30857 30865 30873 30882 30896 30908 30918 30920 30935 30940-30941 30965 30968 30976 30981-30983 30991-30992 30994 30997 31000 31017 31025 31027-31028 31030 31038 31041 31050 31056 31058-31060 31062 31064 31066-31068 31071 31076 31079 31081 31086 31089 31091-31092 31106 31110 31121 31126 31136 31140 31143 31155-31157 31159 31167 31169-31170 31198 31204 31216 31218 31228-31229 31238 31254 31309 31352 31365 31395-31396 31399 31514 31554 31568 31637 31642 31649 31691-31692 31699 31710 31728 31745 31748 31751-31752 31754 31758 31760 31763 31765-31768 31772-31774 31786 31788 31795 31800-31801 31803 31805-31806 31812-31813 31817 31819 31828 31830-31832 31835-31838 31840 31842 31844-31845 31847 31849 31853-31854 31857-31860 31862-31864 31866-31867 31869 31880 31883 31890 31893-31894 31897 31908 31921-31923 31925 31927 31930 31935 31937 31943-31944 31956-31957 31960 31966-31970 31980 31988 31993 31998-32001 32012-32014 32017 32019-32021 32023-32025 32028-32029 32031-32032 32035-32036 32038-32039 32042-32046 32050-32051 32057-32059 32076-32078 32096 32098 32105-32107 32109-32111 32116-32118 32121-32123 32128-32129 32131-32133 32135 32141 32143 32145 32147 32149-32151 32154-32155 32157 32163-32165 32169-32171 32177 32180-32181 32187 32196-32197 32199-32201 32204-32206 32208-32209 32211-32212 32214-32215 32217-32218 32220-32221 32223-32224 32226 32229-32230 32233 32236-32238 32240 32242 32249 32259 32272 32302 32319 32336 32338 32349 32351 32367 32369 32373-32374 32379 32388 32405 32452 32457 32470 32473 32477 32483 32518 32522-32523 32527 32529 32534 32541 32561 32564 32578 32582-32583 32585 32589 32593-32594 32597-32598 32603-32605 32607-32608 32611 32613 32616 32621 32624 32657 32668 32675 32691 32711-32712 32732 32741 32748 32754 32757 33036 33809 34637 34640 34675 34693 34753 34872 35394 35961 36002 36037 36074 36097 36204 36219 36233 36404 36420 36424 36467 36507 36544 36615 36763 36765 36989 37041 37073 37075 37083 37095 37109 37133 37141 37151 37154 37163 37169 37171 37177 37179 37185-37187 37193-37197 37199-37202 37208 37210-37211 37217-37219 37258 37261 37267 37273-37274 37285 37287 37291 37295 37304-37305 37307 37312-37313 37315-37317 37319 37356-37357 37359 37410 37445 37520 37552 37596 37622 37645 37649 37651-37652 37654 37660-37661 37663 37668 37671 37677-37682 37688-37690 37693-37695 37728 37730-37731 37773-37774 37780 37782-37785 37787 37801 37804 37806-37807 37809-37811 37968-37970 37976-37978 37981 37988-37990 37992 37994-37995 37997-37999 38008-38009 38011 38014 38064-38066 38076-38078 38081-38082 38084-38086 38092-38094 38096-38098 38100 38104 38106 38108 38117-38120 38122-38124 38126-38128 38138 38144 38146 38152 38154 38163 38176 38194 38206 38298 38305 38341 38380 38416-38418 38428-38429 38452-38453 38455-38458 38460 38462 38465 38467-38470 38472 38475-38476 38478 38482 38490 38495 38506-38507 38552 38554 38560-38562 38564 38566-38567 38576-38578 38581-38584 38586 38600 38602 38606 38624 38626 38638 38654 38657 38740 38757 38761-38762 38777 38825 38843 38845 38862-38863 38869 38880 38882 38896 38899 38928 38997 39005 39043 39109 39124 39157 39173 39175 39183 39192-39194 39213-39214 39297 39305 39307 39310-39311 39321 39323-39324 39326-39327 39329 39332-39334 39337-39341 39343 39349-39354 39671 39673 39675-39676 39682-39683 39689 39691-39693 39695 39697 39699 39701-39703 39705-39707 39716-39717 39719 39724-39726 39728 39730-39731 39813-39815 39817 39823-39825 39827 39837-39841 39843-39845 39847 39852-39854 39856-39858 39864 39866-39869 39916-39917 39919 39940 39942-39943 39948-39950 39953-39957 39959 39961 39963 39968-39970 39980-39981 39983 39985-39988 39991 40013-40014 40018-40019 40022 40024 40027-40028 40033-40034 40038-40039 40041-40043 40045 40047-40050 40055 40061 40072-40074 40080 40082 40084-40085 40112 40114-40118 40120-40121 40123 40125-40129 40131-40133 40136-40137 40149 40152-40153 40155 40157-40158 40160 40162 40165-40168 40171 40176 40181 40184-40185 40194 40206 40211 40227 40234-40235 40239-40240 40253 40255 40262 40265 40285 40301 40308 40324-40325 40339 40346 40355 40366 40372 40383 40401 40409 40426 40430 40447 40453-40455 40477-40479 40509-40512 40515-40517 40519 40522 40524 40526 40528-40529 40531-40532 40537-40538 40540-40541 40545-40548 40550-40552 40554-40557 40561 40566 40568 40571-40572 40640-40641 40647 40649-40653 40655 40657 40661-40665 40667 40671-40673 40675 40684-40685 40687-40689 40691-40692 40694-40698 40702 40704-40705 40722 40724 40733 40736 40760 40764 40777 40787 40797 40809 40822 40827-40829 40831 40834 40849 40851 40856 40862 40864 40869 40872-40874 40879 40888 40894 40903 40910 40913 40936 40943 40945 41145 41151 41170 41194 41197-41198 41203-41204 41206 41208 41213-41215 41219 41333 41338-41339 41357 41360 41369-41370 41374 41383 41385-41386 41389-41393 41395-41396 41398 41405-41407 41413 41416-41418 41421-41425 41427 41430-41431 41433-41434 41438 41440 41442-41443 41445-41448 41450-41452 41454-41455 41457-41459 41487 41493-41495 41498-41499 41502-41503 41509-41510 41513-41515 41517-41520 41522 41525-41528 41530-41531 41536 41539-41540 41546-41547 41549-41551 41558-41559 41569-41571 41577-41579 41612-41614 41618-41619 41632-41634 41725-41728 41730-41731 41733-41735 41744 41746-41747 41851-41853 41880 41882-41884 41886-41889 41891-41894 41897 41902-41903 41908 41910-41912 41914 41916-41917 41925 41927 41929-41930 41932-41934 41941-41942 41946-41948 41952 41955-41956 41958 41960 41968 42007 42025 42038 42041 42044-42045 42047 42063 42087-42089 42096 42098 42100 42104 42106-42107 42110-42111 42113 42116 42118-42119 42122 42124-42125 42127-42128 42131-42134 42141-42143 42145-42147 42177-42178 42194-42195 42243 42255 42262 42267 42272 42274 42276 42280 42282 42289 42292-42293 42295-42296 42299 42305 42310-42311 42314 42316 42319-42320 42324 42327 42329-42330 42333-42335 42356 42358-42359 42412-42413 42415 42472-42473 42475-42477 42479 42524 42526 42536 42539-42540 42542-42543 42545 42548 42550 42552 42558 42572-42574 42576-42578 42584-42585 42588 42590-42594 42596-42598 42604 42609-42610 42613-42615 42619 42622 42625 42628 42632-42633 42640 42651 42693 42695 42715 42736 42747 42751-42754 42760-42762 42768-42769 42772 42774-42775 42782 42784 42787-42788 42790-42791 42793 42800-42801 42803 42805 42813 42815-42818 42821 42825 42829 42831 42846 42849 42852-42854 42856 42861 42863-42865 42867-42868 42870-42873 42877 42893 42899-42900 42903-42904 42909 42918 42921 42925-42928 42934 42937 42940 42943-42944 42946 42948-42949 42953 42959 42961 42969 42971 42977 42981 42998-42999 43004 43060-43062 43064-43066 43068 43092 43094 43100 43102-43106 43112 43114-43118 43121-43122 43126 43128-43129 43148-43149 43151 43153-43155 43157 43159-43162 43165-43166 43168-43170 43176-43178 43180-43181 43185-43187 43201-43204 43207 43264-43266 43268-43269 43272-43274 43284 43291 43299 43301 43313 43334 43336 43343 43461 43499 43507 43514 43520-43522 43528 43530 43547-43548 43591 43649 43687 43757 43866-43867 43873 43896 43918 43940 43947 43999 44002 44007 44025 44076 44115 44118-44119 44122 44136 44144 44149 44175 44204 44209 44240 44246 44249 44290-44291 44295 44298 44302-44303 44309 44311 44319 44321 44328 44330 44339 44352 44363 44371 44380 44385 44405 44412 44415 44419 44443 44445 44509 44511 44551 44614 44627 44662 44723 44730 44734 44755 44767 44832 44856 44868 44880 44921 45107 45728 46786 46829 47011 47052 47073 47116 47118 47234 47257 47297 47387 47556 47627 47630 47638 47741 47771 47786 47789-47790 47795 47799-47800 47802-47803 47806-47808 47834 47855 47864 47887 47948 47974 47980 47988 47996 48011-48012 48017 48021 48024-48026 48028-48030 48033 48035-48036 48047-48048 48050 48052 48062-48063 48066 48081 48094 48099 48102 48104 48106 48108-48110 48112 48117 48120 48124 48207 48310 48325 48338 48361 48383 48404 48435 48520 48571 48594 48610 48619 48651 48682 48693-48696 48706-48707 48719 48781 48786 48789 48797-48798 48803 48810 48812 48814 48820 48829 48871 48883 48887 48936 48939 48960 48969 48985 49061 49070 49082 49084 49107 https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/A+A/706/A341?format=ascii Optical default J/A+A/706/A341/clusters Simulated clusters (table B.1) recno Record number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification. meta.record int Cluster Simulated cluster ID (internal numbering scheme) (cluster_id) (1) meta.id;meta.main int minClSize Minimum cluster size parameter of HDBSCAN used for this cluster detection (min_cluster_size) phys.angSize int GLON Galactic longitude (l) deg pos.galactic.lon Rcore Cluster core radius (King model) (r_core) pc phys.angSize double Rtidal Cluster tidal radius (King model) (r_tidal) pc phys.size.radius double Rjacobi Cluster Jacobi radius (r_jacobi) pc phys.size.radius double Mass Cluster mass (mass) solMass phys.mass double logAge Log (base 10) of cluster age in years (log_age) log(yr) time.age double _RA.icrs Right ascension (ICRS) at Epoch=J2000. (computed by VizieR, not part of the original data. The format may include more digits than the original data because of internal accuracy requirements in VizieR and across other CDS services) deg pos.eq.ra indexed _DE.icrs Declination (ICRS) at Epoch=J2000. (computed by VizieR, not part of the original data. The format may include more digits than the original data because of internal accuracy requirements in VizieR and across other CDS services) deg pos.eq.dec indexed cst ? Cluster significance test score of this cluster (cst) (3) stat.fit.goodness double nullable Nstars Total number of stars in the cluster detection, assuming it was detected, including true members and false members (n_stars) meta.number int Nsim Number of member stars simulated for this cluster and injected into Gaia data (n_simulated) meta.number int NsimDet Number of simulated member stars that were included in the detection of this cluster, assuming it was detected (n_simulated_detected) meta.number int Nnoise Number of member stars that are not true members (n_noise) meta.number int NHunt23 Number of member stars that are in common with a known cluster in Hunt & Reffert (2023, Cat. J/A+A/686/A42) (n_hunt23) meta.number int fracNstarsSim Fraction of detected stars that are simulated, i.e. true member stars (frac_n_stars_simulated) meta.number double fracNstarsNoise Fraction of detected member stars that are not true members (frac_n_stars_noise) meta.number double fracNstarsH23 Fraction of detected member stars that are in common with a known cluster in Hunt & Reffert (2023, Cat. J/A+A/686/A42) (frac_n_stars_hunt23) meta.number double fracSimuDet Fraction of stars simulated for this cluster that were detected as member stars (frac_simulated_detected) meta.number double RAJ2015 Right ascension (J2015.5) (ra) deg pos.eq.ra;meta.main indexed DEJ2015 Declination (J2015.5) (dec) deg pos.eq.dec;meta.main indexed GLAT Galactic latitude (b) deg pos.galactic.lat double Dist Cluster distance (distance) pc pos.distance double pmRA Proper motion in right ascension multiplied by cos of declination (pmra) mas/yr pos.pm;pos.eq.ra double pmDE Proper motion in declination (pmdec) mas/yr pos.pm;pos.eq.dec double pmGLON Proper motion in Galactic longitude (pml) mas/yr pos.pm;pos.galactic.lon double pmGLAT Proper motion in Galactic latitude (pmb) mas/yr pos.pm;pos.galactic.lat double RV Cluster radial velocity (radial_velocity) km/s phys.veloc;pos.heliocentric double Xpos Cartesian X coordinate in Galactocentric coordinates (x) pc pos.cartesian.x;pos.galactocentric double Ypos Cartesian Y coordinate in Galactocentric coordinates (y) pc pos.cartesian.y;pos.galactocentric double Zpos Cartesian Z coordinate in Galactocentric coordinates (z) pc pos.cartesian.z;pos.galactocentric double rho Galactocentric cylindrical rho coordinate (2D distance from Galactic center) (rho) pc pos.frame;pos.galactocentric double phi Galactocentric cylindrical phi coordinate (phi) pc pos.frame;pos.galactocentric double Vphi Velocity in the phi direction (v_phi) km/s phys.veloc;pos.dirCos double Vrho Velocity in the rho direction (v_rho) km/s phys.veloc;pos.dirCos double Vz Velocity in the z direction (v_z) km/s phys.veloc;pos.cartesian.z double Vcirc Circular velocity at the location of this cluster based on adopted Milky Way potential (v_circ) km/s phys.veloc double Ext Cluster extinction (extinction) mag phys.absorption double diffExt Gaussian standard deviation of cluster differential extinction (differential_extinction) mag stat.stdev;phys.absorption;arith.diff double [M/H] Cluster metallicity as [M/H], following the PARSEC isochrone metallicity definition (metallicity) phys.abund.Z double VirRatio Cluster virial ratio (0.5=virialized) (virial_ratio) stat.fit.param double m10 Value of m10 parameter from Gaia DR3 selection function (m10) mag phot.mag float magRybizki Median magnitude of stars removed from Hunt & Reffert (2023, Cat. J/A+A/686/A42) sample of Gaia DR3 data (m_rybizki) mag phot.mag double Det Unique three-character detection ID given to this cluster (detection_id) (2) meta.id char BestDet Flag indicating if this detection was the best detection attempt of this given cluster, based on simple heuristics (best_detection) meta.code char