J/A+A/705/A49ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/705/A49CDSZallio L.Rosotti G.P.Vioque M.Miotello A.Andrews S.M.Manara C.F.,Carpenter J.M.Empey A.Kurtovic N.T.Law C.J.Longarini C.,Paneque-carreno T.Teague R.Villenave M.Yen H.-W.Zagaria F.2026-04-02T06:28:33Z2026-03-09T10:24:22ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.fryoung-stellar-objectsco-line-emissiongalaxy-classification-systemsstellar-massesWe present measurements of key protoplanetary disk properties inferred from parametric models of ALMA ^12^CO spectral line visibilities. We derived gas-disk radii, integrated fluxes, optically thick emission layers, and brightness temperature profiles for the disk population of the old (4-14Myr) Upper Scorpius star-forming region. We measured CO emission sizes for 37 disks with bright CO J=3-2 emission (S/N>10 on the integrated flux; out of the 83 disks with CO detections), finding that the median radius containing 90% of the flux is ~82au, with radii spanning from 22 up to 247au. We report a correlation between the ^12^CO brightness temperatures and stellar luminosities, with a Pearson coefficient of 0.6, which we used to prove that the ^12^CO optically thick emission layer primarily emanates from a region below the superheated dust, which is optically thin to the stellar irradiation. Moreover, we derive 33 CO emission-surface height profiles, finding a median aspect ratio of <z/r>~0.16 in a range from ~0.01 up to ~0.45 over the sample. Finally, we comment on the multiple systems in our sample, of which only some were already known. These results confirm that it is possible to derive bulk disk properties by modeling moderate-angular-resolution ALMA visibilities.2026A&A...705A..49Zhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/A+A/705/A49CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicehttps://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/705/A49https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/705/A49http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/705/A49https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/705/A49https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/705/A49http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/705/A49GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/A+A/705/A49/table4 (Fluxes from data and best-fit models, together with foreground absorption-velocity ranges and a keyword for residuals)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/705/A49/table4?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/705/A49/table4?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/705/A49/table4?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true239.6508389-19.77042190.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/A+A/705/A49/table5a (Values of <z/r> derived in this work)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/705/A49/table5a?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/705/A49/table5a?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/705/A49/table5a?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true239.6508389-19.77042190.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/A+A/705/A49/table5b (Values of <z/r> from literature, Law et al., 2022ApJ...932..114L, 2023ApJ...948...60L, 2024ApJ...964..190L)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/705/A49/table5b?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/705/A49/table5b?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/705/A49/table5b?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true239.1667592-22.02777940.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/A+A/705/A49/table5c (Values of <z/r> from Galloway-Sprietsma et al., 2025ApJ...984L..10G)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/705/A49/table5c?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/705/A49/table5c?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/705/A49/table5c?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true68.453056918.16943690.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/A+A/705/A49/tablea1 (Fit results using the A parametrization prescription)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/705/A49/tablea1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/705/A49/tablea1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/705/A49/tablea1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true239.6508389-19.77042190.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/A+A/705/A49/tablea2 (Fit results using the B parametrization prescription)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/705/A49/tablea2?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/705/A49/tablea2?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/705/A49/tablea2?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true240.3445217-24.13345440.0055555555555555566/1029 1031 1050 1113-1114 21418 23549 24277 24279 28746 28921 30741 36956 36958 37186 41526 42598 42611 42704 42737 42885 42906 42954 42958-42959 42972 42976-42977 42980-42982 42990-42991 43415 44311 44317 44359-44362 44364-44365 44368 44370 44372-44373 44377 44379 44389-44390 44400-44402 47826 47845https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/A+A/705/A49?format=asciiOpticalRadiodefaultJ/A+A/705/A49/table4Fluxes from data and best-fit models, together with foreground absorption-velocity ranges and a keyword for residualsSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintFluxObserved ^12^CO flux (Flux)Jy.m/sphot.fluxdoublee_FluxUncertainty in observed 12CO flux (Flux_err)Jy.m/sstat.error;phot.fluxdoubleFluxModelModeled ^12^CO flux from best-fit model (Flux_model)Jy.m/sphot.fluxdoublee_FluxModelUncertainty in modeled flux (Flux_model_err)Jy.m/sstat.errordouble_RARight Ascension (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEDeclination (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainSourceSource designation (2MASS ID) (Source)meta.id;meta.maincharAbsorptionMeasured absorption velocity (Absorption)m/sstat.fit.paramcharResiduals[Y/N] Residual flag (Residuals)meta.codecharJ/A+A/705/A49/table5aValues of <z/r> derived in this workSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintSourceSource designation (2MASS ID) (Source)meta.id;meta.maincharDistStellar distance (Dist)pcpos.distancedoublez/rAspect ratio (z/r) from CO line (z_r)phys.size;arith.ratiodoublee_z/r16th percentile of z/r (z_r_16)stat.error;src.redshiftdoubleE_z/r84th percentile of z/r (z_r_84)stat.error;stat.maxdoubleLineCO line used for measurement (Line)meta.id;spect.linechar_RARight Ascension (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEDeclination (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainJ/A+A/705/A49/table5bValues of <z/r> from literature, Law et al., 2022ApJ...932..114L, 2023ApJ...948...60L, 2024ApJ...964..190LSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintSourceSource designation (Source)meta.id;meta.maincharz/rAspect ratio from CO line (z_r)phys.size;arith.ratiodoublee_z/r16th percentile of z/r (z_r_16)stat.error;src.redshiftdoubleE_z/r84th percentile of z/r (z_r_84)stat.error;stat.maxdoubleLineCO line used for measurement (Line)meta.id;spect.linechar_RARight Ascension (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEDeclination (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainJ/A+A/705/A49/table5cValues of <z/r> from Galloway-Sprietsma et al., 2025ApJ...984L..10GSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintSourceSource designation (Source)meta.id;meta.maincharz/rAspect ratio (z/r) from CO line (z_r)phys.size;arith.ratiodoublee_z/r1{sigma} uncertainty on z/r (z_r_err)stat.error;src.redshiftdouble_RARight Ascension (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEDeclination (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainLineCO line used for measurement (Line)meta.id;spect.linecharJ/A+A/705/A49/tablea1Fit results using the A parametrization prescriptionSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintDistStellar distance (dist)pcpos.distancedoubleR90medMedian radius enclosing 90% of CO flux (R90_median)auphys.angSize;srcdoublee_R90medLower 16th percentile uncertainty on R90 (R90_err_16th)austat.errordoubleE_R90medUpper 84th percentile uncertainty on R90 (R90_err_84th)austat.error;stat.maxdoubleR68medMedian radius enclosing 68% of CO flux (R68_median)auphys.angSize;srcdoublee_R68medLower 16th percentile uncertainty on R68 (R68_err_16th)austat.errordoubleE_R68medUpper 84th percentile uncertainty on R68 (R68_err_84th)austat.error;stat.maxdoubleincDisk inclination (inc)degsrc.orbital.inclinationdoublee_incLower 16th percentile uncertainty on inc (inc_err_16th)degstat.errordoubleE_incUpper 84th percentile uncertainty on inc (inc_err_84th)degstat.error;stat.maxdoublePA[] Disk position angle (PA)degpos.posAngdoublee_PALower 16th percentile uncertainty on PA (PA_err_16th)degstat.errordoubleE_PAUpper 84th percentile uncertainty on PA (PA_err_84th)degstat.error;stat.maxdoubleMstarStellar mass (M_star)solMassphys.massdoublee_MstarLower 16th percentile uncertainty on M_star (M_star_err_16th)solMassstat.errordoubleE_MstarUpper 84th percentile uncertainty on M_star (M_star_err_84th)solMassstat.error;stat.maxdoublerlmedMedian radius of characteristic disk scale (r_l_median)auinstr.scale;stat.mediandoublee_rlmedLower 16th percentile uncertainty on r_l (r_l_err_16th)austat.errordoubleE_rlmedUpper 84th percentile uncertainty on r_l (r_l_err_84th)austat.error;stat.maxdoublez1medMedian vertical height z1 (z_1_median)arcsecphys.sizedoublee_z1medLower 16th percentile uncertainty on z1 (z_1_err_16th)arcsecstat.errordoubleE_z1medUpper 84th percentile uncertainty on z1 (z_1_err_84th)arcsecstat.error;stat.maxdoublezqmedMedian z_q parameter (z_q_median)stat.fit.paramdoublee_zqmedLower 16th percentile uncertainty on z_q (z_q_err_16th)stat.errordoubleE_zqmedUpper 84th percentile uncertainty on z_q (z_q_err_84th)stat.error;stat.maxdoubleT10medMedian brightness temperature at 10 au (T_10_median)Kphys.temperaturedoublee_T10medLower 16th percentile uncertainty on T_10 (T_10_err_16th)Kstat.errordoubleE_T10medUpper 84th percentile uncertainty on T_10 (T_10_err_84th)Kstat.error;stat.maxdoubleTqmedMedian T_q (T_q_median)Kphys.temperaturedoublee_TqmedLower 16th percentile uncertainty on T_q (T_q_err_16th)Kstat.errordoubleE_TqmedUpper 84th percentile uncertainty on T_q (T_q_err_84th)Kstat.error;stat.maxdoubletautapmedMedian tau_tap parameter (tau_tap_median)austat.fit.paramdoublee_tautapmedLower 16th percentile uncertainty on tau_tap (tau_tap_err_16th)austat.errordoubleE_tautapmedUpper 84th percentile uncertainty on tau_tap (tau_tap_err_84th)austat.error;stat.maxdoubletauexpmedMedian exponential tau parameter (tau_exp_median)austat.fit.paramdoublee_tauexpmedLower 16th percentile uncertainty on tau_exp (tau_exp_err_16th)austat.errordoubleE_tauexpmedUpper 84th percentile uncertainty on tau_exp (tau_exp_err_84th)austat.error;stat.maxdoubletau10medtau parameter at 10 au (tau_10_median)stat.fit.paramdoublee_tau10medLower 16th percentile uncertainty (tau_10_err_16th)stat.errordoubleE_tau10medUpper 84th percentile uncertainty (tau_10_err_84th)stat.error;stat.maxdoubletauqmedMedian tau_q parameter (tau_q_median)stat.fit.paramdoublee_tauqmedLower 16th percentile uncertainty (tau_q_err_16th)stat.errordoubleE_tauqmedUpper 84th percentile uncertainty (tau_q_err_84th)stat.error;stat.maxdoublezexpmedMedian z_exp (z_exp_median)stat.fit.paramdoublee_zexpmedLower 16th percentile uncertainty on z_exp (z_exp_err_16th)stat.errordoubleE_zexpmedUpper 84th percentile uncertainty on z_exp (z_exp_err_84th)stat.error;stat.maxdoublevsysSystemic velocity (vsys)m/sphys.velocdoublee_vsysLower 16th percentile uncertainty on vsys (vsys_err_16th)m/sstat.errordoubleE_vsysUpper 84th percentile uncertainty on vsys (vsys_err_84th)m/sstat.error;stat.maxdoubledRARA offset from phase center (dRA)arcsecpos.eq.ra;arith.diffdoublee_dRALower 16th percentile uncertainty on dRA (dRA_err_16th)arcsecstat.errordoubleE_dRAUpper 84th percentile uncertainty on dRA (dRA_err_84th)arcsecstat.error;stat.maxdoubledDEDEC offset from phase center (dDEC)arcsecpos.eq.dec;arith.diffdoublee_dDELower 16th percentile uncertainty on dDEC (dDEC_err_16th)arcsecstat.errordoubleE_dDEUpper 84th percentile uncertainty on dDEC (dDEC_err_84th)arcsecstat.error;stat.maxdouble_RARight Ascension (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEDeclination (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainSourceSource designation (2MASS ID) (Source)meta.id;meta.maincharJ/A+A/705/A49/tablea2Fit results using the B parametrization prescriptionSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintDistStellar distance (dist)pcpos.distancedoubleR90medMedian radius enclosing 90% of CO flux (R90_median)auphys.angSize;srcdoublee_R90medLower 16th percentile uncertainty on R90 (R90_err_16th)austat.errordoubleE_R90medUpper 84th percentile uncertainty on R90 (R90_err_84th)austat.error;stat.maxdoubleR68medMedian radius enclosing 68% of CO flux (R68_median)auphys.angSize;srcdoublee_R68medLower 16th percentile uncertainty on R68 (R68_err_16th)austat.errordoubleE_R68medUpper 84th percentile uncertainty on R68 (R68_err_84th)austat.error;stat.maxdoubleincDisk inclination (inc)degsrc.orbital.inclinationdoublee_incLower 16th percentile uncertainty on inc (inc_err_16th)degstat.errordoubleE_incUpper 84th percentile uncertainty on inc (inc_err_84th)degstat.error;stat.maxdoublePA[] Disk position angle (PA)degpos.posAngdoublee_PALower 16th percentile uncertainty on PA (PA_err_16th)degstat.errordoubleE_PAUpper 84th percentile uncertainty on PA (PA_err_84th)degstat.error;stat.maxdoubleMstarStellar mass (M_star)solMassphys.massdoublee_MstarLower 16th percentile uncertainty on M_star (M_star_err_16th)solMassstat.errordoubleE_MstarUpper 84th percentile uncertainty on M_star (M_star_err_84th)solMassstat.error;stat.maxdoubleroutmedMedian outer disk radius (r_out_median)auphys.angSize;srcdoublee_routmedLower 16th percentile uncertainty on r_out (r_out_err_16th)austat.errordoubleE_routmedUpper 84th percentile uncertainty on r_out (r_out_err_84th)austat.error;stat.maxdoubleT10medMedian midplane temperature at 10 au (T_10_median)Kphys.temperaturedoublee_T10medLower 16th percentile uncertainty on T_10 (T_10_err_16th)Kstat.errordoubleE_T10medUpper 84th percentile uncertainty on T_10 (T_10_err_84th)Kstat.error;stat.maxdoubleTqmedMedian T_q (T_q_median)Kphys.temperaturedoublee_TqmedLower 16th percentile uncertainty on T_q (T_q_err_16th)Kstat.errordoubleE_TqmedUpper 84th percentile uncertainty on T_q (T_q_err_84th)Kstat.error;stat.maxdoubletau10medtau parameter at 10 au (tau_10_median)pos.distancedoublee_tau10medLower 16th percentile uncertainty (tau_10_err_16th)stat.errordoubleE_tau10medUpper 84th percentile uncertainty (tau_10_err_84th)stat.error;stat.maxdoublevsysSystemic velocity (vsys)m/sphys.velocdoublee_vsysLower 16th percentile uncertainty on vsys (vsys_err_16th)m/sstat.errordoubleE_vsysUpper 84th percentile uncertainty on vsys (vsys_err_84th)m/sstat.error;stat.maxdoubledRARA offset from phase center (dRA)arcsecpos.eq.ra;arith.diffdoublee_dRALower 16th percentile uncertainty on dRA (dRA_err_16th)arcsecstat.errordoubleE_dRAUpper 84th percentile uncertainty on dRA (dRA_err_84th)arcsecstat.error;stat.maxdoubledDEDEC offset from phase center (dDEC)arcsecpos.eq.dec;arith.diffdoublee_dDELower 16th percentile uncertainty on dDEC (dDEC_err_16th)arcsecstat.errordoubleE_dDEUpper 84th percentile uncertainty on dDEC (dDEC_err_84th)arcsecstat.error;stat.maxdouble_RARight Ascension (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEDeclination (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainSourceSource designation (2MASS ID) (Source)meta.id;meta.mainchar