J/A+A/694/A146ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/694/A146doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.36940146CDSTownsend A.Nordin J.Sagues Carracedo A.Kowalski M.Arendse N.,Dhawan S.Goobar A.Johansson J.Moertsell E.Schulze S.Andreoni I.,Fernandez E.Kim A.G.Nugent P.E.Prada F.Rigault M.Sarin N.,Sharma D.Bellm E.C.Coughlin M.W.Dekany R.Groom S.L.Lacroix L.,Laher R.Riddle R.Aguilar J.Ahlen S.Bailey S.Brooks D.,Claybaugh T.de la Macorra A.Dey A.Dey B.Doel P.Fanning K.,Forero-Romero J.E.Gaztanaga E.Gontcho A Gontcho S.Honscheid K.,Howlett C.Kisner T.Kremin A.Lambert A.Landriau M.Le Guillou L.,Levi M.E.Manera M.Meisner A.Miquel R.Moustakas J.Mueller E.,Myers A.D.Nie J.Palanque-Delabrouille N.Poppett C.Rezaie M.,Rossi G.Sanchez E.Schlegel D.Schubnell M.Seo H.Sprayberry D.,Tarle G.Zou H.2025-05-21T20:01:25Z2025-02-11T09:30:41ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frsupernovaegravitational-lensingGravitationally lensed type Ia supernovae (glSNe Ia) are unique astronomical tools that can be used to study cosmological parameters, distributions of dark matter, the astrophysics of the supernovae, and the intervening lensing galaxies themselves. A small number of highly magnified glSNe Ia have been discovered by ground-based telescopes such as the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF), but simulations predict that a fainter, undetected population may also exist. We present a systematic search for glSNe Ia in the ZTF archive of alerts distributed from June 1 2019 to September 1 2022. Using the AMPEL platform, we developed a pipeline that distinguishes candidate glSNe Ia from other variable sources. Initial cuts were applied to the ZTF alert photometry (with constraints on the peak absolute magnitude and the distance to a catalogue-matched galaxy, as examples) before forced photometry was obtained for the remaining candidates. Additional cuts were applied to refine the candidates based on their light curve colours, lens galaxy colours, and the resulting parameters from fits to the SALT2 SN Ia template. The candidates were also cross-matched with the DESI spectroscopic catalogue. Seven transients were identified that passed all the cuts and had an associated galaxy DESI redshift, which we present as glSN Ia candidates. Although superluminous supernovae (SLSNe) cannot be fully rejected as contaminants, two events, ZTF19abpjicm and ZTF22aahmovu, are significantly different from typical SLSNe and their light curves can be modelled as two-image glSN Ia systems. From this two-image modelling, we estimate time delays of 22+/-3 and 34+/-1 days for the two events, respectively, which suggests that we have uncovered a population of glSNe Ia with longer time delays. The pipeline is efficient and sensitive enough to parse full alert streams. It is currently being applied to the live ZTF alert stream to identify and follow-up future candidates while active. This pipeline could be the foundation for glSNe Ia searches in future surveys, such as the Rubin Observatory Legacy Survey of Space and Time.2025A&A...694A.146Thttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/A+A/694/A146CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toJ/A+A/642/A148 : SuGOHI VI. List up to 2020 (Sonnenfeld+, 2020)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/694/A146https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/694/A146http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/694/A146https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/694/A146https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/694/A146http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/694/A146GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/A+A/694/A146/tablea2 (Parameters for the 125 candidates that passed the S1 and S2 criteria)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/694/A146/tablea2?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/694/A146/tablea2?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/694/A146/tablea2?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true235.6002219.587690.0055555555555555566/2154-2155 4139 4291 4381 4423 4540 4557 4560 4575 5502 5851 5927 6195 6227 6515 6641 7277 7335 7494 7540 7727 8369 8414 8597 8736 8778 8801 9245 9474 9762 9815 9877 9892 9994 10005 10133 10258 10331 10343 10481 10549 10683 10703 10834 10923 11057 11059 11147 11224 11249 11362 11391 11586 11613 11862 11915 11994 12053 12116 12656 12659 12691 14892 15091 15282 16049 16069 16114 16848 16855 17118 17299 17706 18323 18379 18531 18684 18726 18831 18883 18888 18980 18993 19094 19374 19568 19839 19850 19878 19931 19996 20051 20120 21128 21939 25755 25837 25857 26184 26272 26895 27677 27831 27877 31230 31407 31586 31638 31969 32655 32697 32707 36045 36064 36289 36766 40887 40904 44986 48979https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/A+A/694/A146?format=asciidefaultJ/A+A/694/A146/tablea2Parameters for the 125 candidates that passed the S1 and S2 criteriarecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintn_ZTF[*] Note on ZTF (1)meta.notecharchi2r? reduced chi-square from a SALT2 fit (2)meta.notefloatnullableRAJ2000Right ascension (J2000)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Declinayion (J2000)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainzphPhotometric redshift as determined by AMPEL (and may be averaged from more than one catalogue)src.redshiftfloatBMAGPeak absolute B-band magnitude as determined by SALT2 using the photometric redshiftmagphys.magAbsfloatPAAngular separation between the object and the catalogue-matched galaxy with a photometric redshiftarcsecpos.angDistancefloatzDESI? Spectroscopic redshift as from DESI cataloguesrc.redshift;pos.heliocentricfloatnullableBMAGDESI? Peak absolute B-band magnitude as determined by SALT2 using the DESI redshiftmagphys.magAbsfloatnullablePADESI? Angular separation between the object and the catalogue-matched galaxy from DESIarcsecpos.angDistancefloatnullableSALT2x1? x_1_ 'stretch' parameter from a SALT2 fit (2)stat.fit.paramfloatnullablee_SALT2x1? Error on x_1_ 'stretch' parameter from a SALT2 fit (2)stat.errorfloatnullableSALT2c? c 'colour' parameter from a SALT2 fit (2)stat.fit.paramfloatnullablee_SALT2c? Error on c 'colour' parameter from a SALT2 fit (2)stat.errorfloatnullableMethSelection method (3)meta.notecharReasonReason for rejection (4)meta.notecharZTFIdentication name for the ZTF object (ZTFNNaaaaaaa)meta.id;meta.mainchar