J/A+A/692/A254ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/692/A254doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.36920254CDSHarre J.-V.Smith A.M.S.Barros S.C.C.Singh V.Korth J.Brandeker A.,Collier Cameron A.Lendl M.Wilson T.G.Borsato L.Csizmadia Sz.,Cabrera J.Parviainen H.Correia A.C.M.Akinsanmi B.Rosario N.,Leonardi P.Serrano L.M.Alibert Y.Alonso R.Asquier J.Barczy T.,Barrado Navascues D.Baumjohann W.Benz W.Billot N.Broeg C.,Busch M.-D.Cubillos P.E.Davies M.B.Deleuil M.Deline A.Delrez L.,Demangeon O.D.S.Demory B.-O.Derekas A.Edwards B.Ehrenreich D.,Erikson A.Fortier A.Fossati L.Fridlund M.Gandolfi D.Gazeas K.,Gillon M.Guedel M.Guenther M.N.Heitzmann A.Helling C.Isaak K.G.,Kiss L.L.Lam K.W.F.Laskar J.Lecavelier des Etangs A.Magrin D.,Maxted P.F.L.Merin B.Mordasini C.Nascimbeni V.Olofsson G.,Ottensamer R.Pagano I.Palle E.Peter G.Piazza D.Piotto G.,Pollacco D.Queloz D.Ragazzoni R.Rando N.Rauer H.Ribas I.,Santos N.C.Scandariato G.Segransan D.Simon A.E.Sousa S.G.,Stalport M.Sulis S.Szabo Gy.M.Udry S.Ulmer B.Van Grootel V.,Venturini J.Villaver E.Viotto V.Walton N.A.West R.Westerdorff K.2025-02-26T20:02:45Z2024-12-17T11:00:30ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frmultiple-starsf-starsexoplanetsphotometryvisible-astronomyHot Jupiters with close-by planetary companions are rare, with only a handful of them having been discovered so far. This could be due to their suggested dynamical histories, leading to the possible ejection of other planets. TOI-2109 b is special in this regard because it is the hot Jupiter with the closest relative separation from its host star, being separated by less than 2.3 stellar radii. Unexpectedly, transit timing measurements from recently obtained CHEOPS observations show low amplitude transit-timing variations (TTVs). We aim to search for signs of orbital decay and to characterise the apparent TTVs, trying to gain information about a possible companion. We fit the newly obtained CHEOPS light curves using TLCM and extract the resulting mid- transit timings. Successively, we use these measurements in combination with TESS and archival photometric data and radial velocity data to estimate the rate of tidal orbital decay of TOI-2109 b, as well as characterise the TTVs using the N-body code TRADES and the photodynamical approach of PyTTV. We find tentative evidence at 3{sigma} for orbital decay in the TOI-2109 system, when we correct the mid-transit timings using the best-fitting sinusoidal model of the TTVs. We do not detect additional transits in the available photometric data, but find evidence towards the authenticity of the apparent TTVs, indicating a close-by, outer companion with Pc>1.125d. Due to the fast rotation of the star, the new planetary candidate cannot be detected in the available radial velocity (RV) measurements, and its parameters can only be loosely constrained by our joint TTV and RV modelling. TOI-2109 could join a small group of rare hot Jupiter systems that host close-by planetary companions, only one of which (WASP-47 b) has an outer companion. More high-precision photometric measurements are necessary to confirm the planetary companion.2024A&A...692A.254Hhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/A+A/692/A254CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic servicehttps://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/692/A254https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/692/A254http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/692/A254https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/692/A254https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/692/A254http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/692/A254GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapOpticaldefaultJ/A+A/692/A254/drp-corCorrected CHEOPS DRP dataFluxCorrCorrected flux from DRPphot.flux.density;em.optdoublee_FluxCorrFlux errorstat.errordoublerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintTimeTime (TDB) (BJD-2400000)dtime.epochdoubleindexedJ/A+A/692/A254/drp-rawRaw CHEOPS DRP datarecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintTimeTime (TDB) (BJD-2400000)dtime.epochdoubleindexedFluxRawRaw flux from DRPphot.flux.density;em.optdoublee_FluxRawFlux errorstat.errordoubleRollAngleRoll angle valuesrc.orbitaldoubleXcenX centroid positionpos.cartesian.x;instr.detdoubleYcenY centroid positionpos.cartesian.y;instr.detdoubleBkgBackground valueinstr.backgrounddoubleFlag[0/1] Data flagmeta.code.errorintJ/A+A/692/A254/pipe-corCorrected CHEOPS PIPE datae_FluxCorrFlux errorstat.errordoublerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintTimeTime (TDB) (BJD-2400000)dtime.epochdoubleindexedFluxCorrCorrected flux from PIPEphot.flux.density;em.optdoubleJ/A+A/692/A254/pipe-rawRaw CHEOPS PIPE datarecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintTimeTime (TDB) (BJD-2400000)dtime.epochdoubleindexedFluxRawRaw flux from PIPEphot.flux.density;em.optdoublee_FluxRawFlux errorstat.errordoubleBkgBackground valuesinstr.backgrounddoubleFlag[0/24] Data flagmeta.code.errorintJ/A+A/692/A254/tablec1aMid-transit timings from the CHEOPS PIPE datarecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintEpochEpoch/transit number of mid-transit timemeta.numberintTimeCalculated mid-transit time (TDB) (BJD-2400000)dtime.epochdoublee_TimeError of calculated mid-transit timedstat.error;time.epochdoubleJ/A+A/692/A254/tablec1bMid-transit timings from the CHEOPS DRP datarecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintEpochEpoch/transit number of mid-transit timemeta.numberintTimeCalculated mid-transit time (TDB) (BJD-2400000)dtime.epochdoublee_TimeError of calculated mid-transit timedstat.error;time.epochdoubleJ/A+A/692/A254/tablec2Mid-transit timings from other data sourcesrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintEpochEpoch/transit number of mid-transit timemeta.numberintTimeCalculated mid-transit time in BJD_TDBdtime.epochdoublee_TimeError of calculated mid-transit timedstat.error;time.epochdoubler_TimeSource of the data used for the calculation (1)meta.ref;pos.framechar