J/A+A/679/A80ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/679/A80CDSCalabro A.Pentericci L.Feltre A.Arrabal Haro P.Radovich M.,Seille L.M.Oliva E.Daddi E.Amorin R.Bagley M.B.Bisigello L.,Buat V.Castellano M.Cleri N.Dickinson M.Fernandez V.,Finkelstein S.Giavalisco M.Grazian A.Hathi N.Hirschmann M.,Juneau S.Kartaltepe J.S.Koekemoer A.Lucas R.A.Papovich C.,Perez-Gonzalez P.Pirzkal N.Santini P.Trump J.de la Vega A.,Wilkins S.Yung L.Y.A.Cassata P.Gobat R.A.S.Mascia S.Napolitano L.,Vulcani B.2025-07-04T14:48:11Z2023-11-15T07:25:15ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frseyfert-galaxiesgalaxiesspectroscopyinfrared-astronomyactive-galactic-nucleiOptical rest-frame spectroscopic diagnostics are usually employed to distinguish between star formation and active galactic nucleus (AGN) powered emission. However, this method is biased against dusty sources, hampering a complete census of the AGN population across cosmic epochs. To mitigate th is effect, it is crucial to observe at longer wavelengths in the rest-frame near-infrared (near-IR), which is less affected by dust attenuation and can thus provide a better description of the intrinsic properties of galaxies. AGN diagnostics in this regime have not been fully exploited so far, due to the scarcity of near-IR observations of both AGNs and star-forming galaxies, especially at redshifts higher than 0.5. Using Cloudy photoionization models, we identified new AGN - star formation diagnostics based on the ratio of bright near-IR emission lines, namely [SIII] 9530{AA}, [CI] 9850{AA}, [PII] 1.188 micron, [FeII] 1.257 micron, and [FeII] 1.64 micron to Paschen lines (either Pa{gamma} or Pa{beta}), providing simple, analytical classification criteria. We applied these diagnostics to a sample of 64 star-forming galaxies and AGNs at 0<z<1, and 65 sources at 1<z<3 recently observed with JWST-NIRSpec in CEERS. We find that the classification inferred from the near-IR is broadly consistent with the optical one based on the BPT and the [SII]/H-alpha ratio. However, in the near-IR, we find ~60% more AGNs than in the optical (13 instead of eight), with five sources classified as "hidden" AGNs, showing a larger AGN contribution at longer wavelengths, possibly due to the presence of optically thick dust. The diagnostics we present provide a promising tool to find and characterize AGNs from z=0 to z~3 with low- and medium-resolution near-IR spectrographs in future surveys.2023A&A...679A..80Chttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/A+A/679/A80CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicehttps://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/679/A80https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/679/A80http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/679/A80https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/679/A80https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/679/A80http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/679/A80GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/A+A/679/A80/linesir (Emission line measurements)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/679/A80/linesir?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/679/A80/linesir?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/679/A80/linesir?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true214.988708752.98862090.0055555555555555566/11425https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/A+A/679/A80?format=asciiInfrareddefaultJ/A+A/679/A80/linesirEmission line measurementsrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintRAJ2000Right Ascension (J2000) (RA)degpos.eq.ra;meta.maine_FCI-9850? CI 9850{AA} flux error (CI_9850_flux_err)1e-22W.m**-2stat.errorfloatnullableID[2422/40380] Galaxy Identification Number in CEERS NIRSPEC-MSA observations (ID)meta.id;meta.mainintDEJ2000Declination (J2000) (DEC)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainzHb? Redshift estimated from the H{beta}+OIII line complex (Hb_z)src.redshift;pos.heliocentricdoublenullablel_FHb[l] Limit flag on FHb (1)meta.code.errorcharFHb? H{beta} flux (Hb_flux)1e-22W.m**-2phot.flux;em.line.Hbetadoublenullablee_FHb? H{beta} flux error (Hb_flux_err)1e-22W.m**-2stat.errorfloatnullablecontHb? H{beta} underlying continuum flux (Hb_cont)1e-22W.m**-2phot.fluxfloatnullablesigmaHb? H{beta} line velocity width sigma (for the FWHM multiply by 2.355) (Hb_sigmaV)km/sstat.stdev;spect.dopplerVelocfloatnullableFOIII-5007? OIII 5007{AA} flux (OIII_5007_flux)1e-22W.m**-2phot.fluxdoublenullablee_FOIII-5007? OIII 5007{AA} flux error (OIII_5007_flux_err)1e-22W.m**-2stat.errorfloatnullablecontOIII-5007? OIII 5007{AA} underlying continuum flux (OIII_5007_cont)1e-22W.m**-2phot.fluxfloatnullablezHaRedshift estimated from the H{alpha}+[NII] 6583{AA} line complex (Ha_z)src.redshift;pos.heliocentricdoublel_FHa[l] Limit flag on FHa (1)meta.code.errorcharFHaH{alpha} flux (Ha_flux)1e-22W.m**-2phot.flux;em.line.Halphadoublee_FHa? H{alpha} flux error (Ha_flux_err)1e-22W.m**-2stat.errorfloatnullablecontHaH{alpha} underlying continuum flux (Ha_cont)1e-22W.m**-2phot.fluxfloatsigmaHaH{alpha} line velocity width sigma (for the FWHM multiply by 2.355) (Ha_sigmaV)km/sstat.stdev;spect.dopplerVelocfloatl_FNII-6583[l] Limit flag on FNII-6583 (1)meta.code.errorcharFNII-6583? NII 6583{AA} flux (NII_6583_flux)1e-22W.m**-2phot.fluxdoublenullablee_FNII-6583? NII 6583{AA} flux error (NII_6583_flux_err)1e-22W.m**-2stat.errorfloatnullablecontNII6583? NII 6583{AA} underlying continuum (NII_6583_cont)1e-22W.m**-2phot.fluxfloatnullablel_FSII[l] Limit flag on FSII (1)meta.code.errorcharFSII? SII 6719-6731{AA} flux (SII_flux)1e-22W.m**-2phot.fluxdoublenullablee_FSII? SII 6719-6731{AA} flux error (SII_flux_err)1e-22W.m**-2stat.errorfloatnullablecontSII? SII 6719-6731{AA} underlying continuum (SII_cont)1e-22W.m**-2phot.fluxfloatnullablezSIII-9531? Redshift estimated from the [SIII]9531{AA} line (SIII_9531_z)src.redshift;pos.heliocentricdoublenullablel_FSIII-9531[l] Limit flag on FSIII-9531 (1)meta.code.errorcharFSIII-9531? SIII 9531{AA} flux (SIII_9531_flux)1e-22W.m**-2phot.fluxdoublenullablee_FSIII-9531? SIII 9531{AA} flux error (SIII_9531_flux_err)1e-22W.m**-2stat.errorfloatnullablecontSIII-9531? SIII 9531{AA} underlying continuum flux (SIII_9531_cont)1e-22W.m**-2phot.fluxfloatnullablesigmaSIII-9531? SIII 9531{AA} line velocity width sigma (SIII_9531_sigmaV)km/sstat.stdev;spect.dopplerVelocfloatnullablel_FCI-9850[l] Limit flag on FCI-9850 (1)meta.code.errorcharFCI-9850? CI 9850{AA} flux (CI_9850_flux)1e-22W.m**-2phot.fluxfloatnullablecontCI-9850? CI 9850{AA} underlying continuum flux (CI_9850_cont)1e-22W.m**-2phot.fluxfloatnullablezHeI-10830? Redshift estimated from HeI10830+Pa{gamma} complex (HeI_10830_z)src.redshift;pos.heliocentricdoublenullableFHeI-10830? HeI 10830{AA} flux (HeI_10830_flux)1e-22W.m**-2phot.fluxfloatnullablee_FHeI-10830? HeI 10830{AA} flux error (HeI_10830_flux_err)1e-22W.m**-2stat.errorfloatnullablecontHeI-10830? HeI 10830{AA} underlying continuum flux (HeI_10830_cont)1e-22W.m**-2phot.fluxfloatnullablesigmaHeI-10830? HeI 10830{AA} line velocity width sigma (for the FWHM multiply by 2.355) (HeI_10830_sigmaV)km/sstat.stdev;spect.dopplerVelocfloatnullablel_FPaG[l] Limit flag on FPaG (1)meta.code.errorcharFPaG? Pa{gamma} flux (PaG_flux)1e-22W.m**-2phot.fluxfloatnullablee_FPaG? Pa{gamma} flux error (PaG_flux_err)1e-22W.m**-2stat.errorfloatnullablecontPaG? Pa{gamma} underlying continuum flux (PaG_cont)1e-22W.m**-2phot.fluxfloatnullablel_FPII-1188[l] Limit flag on FPII-1188 (1)meta.code.errorcharFPII-1188? PII 1.188 micron flux (PII_1188_flux)1e-22W.m**-2phot.fluxfloatnullablee_FPII-1188? PII 1.188 micron flux error (PII_1188_flux_err)1e-22W.m**-2stat.errorfloatnullablecontPII-1188? PII 1.188 micron underlying continuum flux (PII_1188_cont)1e-22W.m**-2phot.fluxfloatnullablel_FFeII-1257[l] Limit flag on FFeII-1257 (1)meta.code.errorcharFFeII-1257? FeII 1.257 micron flux (FeII_1257_flux)1e-22W.m**-2phot.fluxfloatnullablee_FFeII-1257? FeII 1.257 micron flux error (FeII_1257_flux_err)1e-22W.m**-2stat.errorfloatnullablecontFeII-1257? FeII 1.257 micron underlying continuum flux (FeII_1257_cont)1e-22W.m**-2phot.fluxfloatnullablezPaB? Redshift estimated from the Pa{beta}+[FeII]1.257 complex (PaB_z)src.redshift;pos.heliocentricdoublenullablel_FPaB[l] Limit flag on FPaB (1)meta.code.errorcharFPaB? Pa{beta} flux (PaB_flux)1e-22W.m**-2phot.fluxfloatnullablee_FPaB? Pa{beta} flux error (PaB_flux_err)1e-22W.m**-2stat.errorfloatnullablecontPaB? Pa{beta} underlying continuum flux (PaB_cont)1e-22W.m**-2phot.fluxfloatnullablesigmaPaB? Pa{beta} line velocity width sigma (for the FWHM multiply by 2.355) (PaB_sigmaV)km/sstat.stdev;spect.dopplerVelocfloatnullablel_FFeII-164[l] Limit flag on FFeII-164 (1)meta.code.errorcharFFeII-164? FeII 1.64 micron flux (FeII_164_flux)1e-22W.m**-2phot.fluxfloatnullablee_FFeII-164? FeII 1.64 micron flux error (FeII_164_flux_err)1e-22W.m**-2stat.errorfloatnullablecontFeII-164? FeII 1.64 micron underlying continuum flux (FeII_164_cont)1e-22W.m**-2phot.fluxfloatnullablezPaA? Redshift estimated from the Pa{alpha} line (PaA_z)src.redshift;pos.heliocentricdoublenullablel_FPaA[l] Limit flag on FPaA (1)meta.code.errorcharFPaA? Pa{alpha} flux (PaA_flux)1e-22W.m**-2phot.fluxdoublenullablee_FPaA? Pa{alpha} flux error (PaA_flux_err)1e-22W.m**-2stat.errorfloatnullablecontPaA? Pa{alpha} underlying continuum flux (PaA_cont)1e-22W.m**-2phot.fluxfloatnullablesigmaPaA? Pa{alpha} line velocity width sigma (for the FWHM multiply by 2.355) (PaA_sigmaV)km/sstat.stdev;spect.dopplerVelocfloatnullablel_FOIII-5007[l] Limit flag on FOIII-5007 (1)meta.code.errorcharl_FHeI-10830[l] Limit flag on FHeI-10830 (1)meta.code.errorcharSimbadNameSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.idcharnullable