J/A+A/679/A131ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/679/A131CDSRamos Padilla A.F.Wang L.van der Tak F.F.S.Trager S.C.2024-11-28T16:24:11Z2023-12-01T12:01:34ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frgalaxiesinfrared-sourcesinterstellar-mediuminfrared-astronomyspectroscopyastronomical-modelsGas cooling processes in the interstellar medium (ISM) are key to understanding how star formation occurs in galaxies. Far-infrared (FIR) fine-structure emission lines can be used to infer gas conditions and trace different phases of the ISM. We model eight of the most important FIR emission lines and explore their variation with star formation rate (SFR) out to z=6 using cosmological hydrodynamical simulations. In addition, we study how different physical parameters, such as the interstellar radiation field (ISRF) and metallicity, impact the FIR lines and line ratios. We implemented a physically motivated multi-phase model of the ISM by post-processing the EAGLE cosmological simulation and using Cloudy look-up tables for line emissivities. In this model we included four phases of the ISM: dense molecular gas, neutral atomic gas, diffuse ionised gas (DIG), and Hii regions. Our model shows reasonable agreement (to ~0.5dex) with the observed line luminosity-SFR relations up to z=6 in the FIR lines analysed. For ease of comparison, we also provide linear fits to our model results. Our predictions also agree reasonably well with observations in diagnostic diagrams involving various FIR line ratios. We find that [CII] is the best SFR tracer of the FIR lines even though it arises from multiple ISM phases, while [OIII] and [NII] can be used to understand the DIG-HII balance in the ionised gas. In addition, line ratios such as [CII]/[OIII] and [NII]/[OI] are useful for deriving parameters such as ISRF, metallicity, and specific SFR. These results can help interpret the observations of the FIR lines from the local Universe to high redshifts.2023A&A...679A.131Rhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/A+A/679/A131CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-tohttps://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6576202 : supplementary datahttps://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/679/A131https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/679/A131http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/679/A131https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/679/A131https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/679/A131http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/679/A131GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/A+A/679/A131/sample (Galaxies and references used to compare these results with observations from different works)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/679/A131/sample?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/679/A131/sample?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/679/A131/sample?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true68.29623255.3543380560.0055555555555555565/1517 6/226 231 286 295 538 627 629 650 700 816 909 953 1008 1276 1521 1677 1701-1703 1865 1918 2155 2227 2229 2309 2320 2359 2363 2402 2409 2433 2518 2564 2680 2687 2774 3042 3299 3364 3389 3446 3506 3511 3516 3824 3934 4033 4096 4104 4106 4215 4279 4439 4511 4623 4784 4869 4993 5116 5130 5142 5284 5287 5429 5492 5523 5576 5589 5610 5689 5715 5746 5751 5795 5799 5816 5854 5863 5865 5922 5950 5975 5995 5999 6011 6042 6046 6075 6077-6079 6090-6091 6098 6348 6360 6419 6458 6781 7132 7241-7242 7281 7424 7498 7552 7602 7604 7606 7642 7713 7777 7799 7869 7921 7946 8028 8106 8111 8264 8266 8410 8482 8492 8506 8555 8562 8673 8845 8881 8922 8989 8997 9084 9129 9133 9147 9194 9217 9231 9770 9895 10039 10081 10144 10146 10189-10191 10209-10210 10265 10281 10288 10298-10299 10303 10312 10342 10344 10357 10364 10388 10399 10404 10431 10434 10453 10465 10475 10481 10487 10513 10516 10518 10577 10587 10628 10637 10716 10755 10761 10769 10811 10817 10841 10856 10881 10905 10911-10912 10927 10970 11003 11006 11027 11029 11063 11101 11137 11177-11178 11180 11206 11246 11252 11263 11339 11382 11416 11434 11457 11512 11639 11668 11791 11800 11807 11908 11961 12018 12122 12537 13021 13120 13184 13489 13522-13523 13632 14164 14744 15161 15197 15311 15323 15333 15351 15570 15592 16045 16091 16409 16438 16441 16449 16489 16547 16646 16655 16690 16701 16712 16740 16755 16758 16882 17075 17141 17165 17183 17252 17264 17492 17506 17525 17677 17683 17688 17690 17692 17727 17736 17741 17748 17754 17815 17819 17847 17850 17904 18002 18041 18198 18212 18242 18269 18365 18387 18398 18406 18432 18683 18713-18714 18753 18760 18794 18809 18827 18897 18919 18932 19070 19089 19283 19296 19570 19619 19730 19792 19934 20014 20060-20061 20118 20183 20208 20230 20254 20283 20371 20388 20735 20895-20896 21016 21416 21747 21880 22468 22721 22792 22828 23078 23148 23178 23210 23233 23323 23339 23566 23921 24123 24144 24163 24232 24293 24584 24631 24696 24735 24842 24855 24957-24958 25083 25330 25344 25462 25540 25561 25594 25596 25610 25659 25675 25734 25772 25775 25790 25907 25946 25958 25965 26005 26028 26035 26053 26148 26161 26189 26198 26239 26264 26271-26272 26298 26303 26310 26313 26324 26331 26365 26472 26491 26540 26811 26858 26902 26932 26937 26956 26969 26971 27030 27256 27258-27259 27297 27304-27305 27307 27321 27340 27351 27502 27512 27514 27537 27728 27731 27735 27743 27757 27763-27765 27767 27773 27814 27857 27861-27862 27907 27914 27918 27926 27931 27937-27938 27944 27955 28015 28035 28039 28045-28046 28074 28115 28123 28147 28167 28173 28188 28393 28495-28496 28529 28609 28631 28999 29439 29680 29718 29818 29937 30008 30027 30383 30580 30810 30822 30879 31081 31107 31158 31258 31303 31365 31430 31503 31940 31964 32187 32408 32515 32548 32740 32930-32931 33193 33207 33325 33409 33491 33546 33566 33751 33762 33779 33831 33836 33839 33879 33893 33920 33954 33986 34010 34026 34033 34055 34058-34059 34273 34312 34343 34397 34493 34495 34531 34534 34627 34695 34737 34910 34913 35024 35053 35067 35193 35243 35284 35332 35346 35390 35396 35536 35576 35602 35608 35684 35726 35784 35934-35935 35956 35993 36134 36194 36240-36241 36558 36671 36733 36756 36785 36796 36831 36846 36896 37113 37128 37267 37506 37559 37564 37821 38129 38139 38246 38268 38285 38347 38390 38664 38786 38868 38919 38924 38935 39472 39960 40082 40124 40468 40777 40801 40818 40957 41013 41263 41276 41402 41430 41586 41982 41987 42010 42027 42855 43078 43082 43107 43147 43233 43262 43298 43339 43349 43389 43564 43626 43634 43677 43748 43806 43874 43877 43881 43925 43976 43994 44429 44626 44660 44671 44812 45385 45387 45587 45660 45735 45748 45779 45816 45850 45883 45891 45907 45969 46077 46079 46108 46130 46149 46151 46178 46184 46192 46203 46296 46340 46352 46399 46438 46525 46556 46568 46581 46603 46615 46794 46811 46882 46885 46896 46947 46987 46997 47029 47047 47120 47154 47162 47169 47178 47235 47543 47854 48160 48264 48502 48665 48715 48759 48865 48899 49042https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/A+A/679/A131?format=asciiInfrareddefaultJ/A+A/679/A131/datasetLine luminosity estimates and physical parameters dataset derived from this work (Tables B1 and B2)recnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintIDGroup Number in EAGLE simulationmeta.id;meta.mainintSim[Recal Ref100] Name of EAGLE simulationmeta.id;stat.fitcharzRedshift snapshotsrc.redshiftintL[OIII52]Total luminosity [OIII] at 52umsolLumphys.luminositydoubleL[OIII52]DIGDIG luminosity [OIII] at 52umsolLumphys.luminositydoubleL[OIII52]HII? HII luminosity [OIII] at 52umsolLumphys.luminositydoublenullableL[NII205]Total luminosity [NII] at 205umsolLumphys.luminositydoubleL[NII205]DIGDIG luminosity [NII] at 205umsolLumphys.luminositydoubleL[NII205]HII? HII luminosity [NII] at 205umsolLumphys.luminositydoublenullableL[NII205]ato? Atomic luminosity [NII] at 205umsolLumphys.luminositydoublenullableL[NII205]mol? Molecular luminosity [NII] at 205umsolLumphys.luminositydoublenullableMstellarStellar masssolMassphys.massdoubleMgasGas masssolMassphys.massdoubleMneutralNeutral gas masssolMassphys.massdoubleAgestellarStellar ageGyrtime.agedoublelogQ? log ionising photon fluxlog(s**-1)phot.fluxdoublenullableISRFInterstellar radiation field (Habing)stat.fit.paramdoubleL[OIII52]ato? Atomic luminosity [OIII] at 52umsolLumphys.luminositydoublenullableL[OIII52]mol? Molecular luminosity [OIII] at 52umsolLumphys.luminositydoublenullableL[NIII57]Total luminosity [NIII] at 57umsolLumphys.luminositydoubleL[NIII57]DIGDIG luminosity [NIII] at 57umsolLumphys.luminositydoubleL[NIII57]HII? HII luminosity [NIII] at 57umsolLumphys.luminositydoublenullableL[NIII57]ato? Atomic luminosity [NIII] at 57umsolLumphys.luminositydoublenullableL[NIII57]mol? Molecular luminosity [NIII] at 57umsolLumphys.luminositydoublenullableL[OI63]Total luminosity [OI] at 63umsolLumphys.luminositydoubleL[OI63]DIGDIG luminosity [OI] at 63umsolLumphys.luminositydoubleL[OI63]HII? HII luminosity [OI] at 63umsolLumphys.luminositydoublenullableL[OI63]ato? Atomic luminosity [OI] at 63umsolLumphys.luminositydoublenullableL[OI63]mol? Molecular luminosity [OI] at 63umsolLumphys.luminositydoublenullableL[OIII88]Total luminosity [OIII] at 88umsolLumphys.luminositydoubleL[OIII88]DIGDIG luminosity [OIII] at 88umsolLumphys.luminositydoubleL[OIII88]HII? HII luminosity [OIII] at 88umsolLumphys.luminositydoublenullableL[OIII88]ato? Atomic luminosity [OIII] at 88umsolLumphys.luminositydoublenullableL[OIII88]mol? Molecular luminosity [OIII] at 88umsolLumphys.luminositydoublenullableL[NII122]Total luminosity [NII] at 122umsolLumphys.luminositydoubleL[NII122]DIGDIG luminosity [NII] at 122umsolLumphys.luminositydoubleL[NII122]HII? HII luminosity [NII] at 122umsolLumphys.luminositydoublenullableL[NII122]ato? Atomic luminosity [NII] at 122umsolLumphys.luminositydoublenullableL[NII122]mol? Molecular luminosity [NII] at 122umsolLumphys.luminositydoublenullableL[OI145]Total luminosity [OI] at 145umsolLumphys.luminositydoubleL[OI145]DIGDIG luminosity [OI] at 145umsolLumphys.luminositydoubleL[OI145]HII? HII luminosity [OI] at 145umsolLumphys.luminositydoublenullableL[OI145]ato? Atomic luminosity [OI] at 145umsolLumphys.luminositydoublenullableL[OI145]mol? Molecular luminosity [OI] at 145umsolLumphys.luminositydoublenullableL[CII]Total luminosity [CII] at 158umsolLumphys.luminositydoubleL[CII]DIGDIG luminosity [CII] at 158umsolLumphys.luminositydoubleL[CII]HII? HII luminosity [CII] at 158umsolLumphys.luminositydoublenullableL[CII]ato? Atomic luminosity [CII] at 158umsolLumphys.luminositydoublenullableL[CII]mol? Molecular luminosity [CII] at 158umsolLumphys.luminositydoublenullableSFRStar formation ratesolMass/yrphys.SFRdoubleZGalMetallicity (Z/Zsun)Sunphys.abund.ZdoublePressureExternal pressureK.cm**-3phys.pressuredoublenHcloudTotal hydrogen number density in the neutral cloudscm**-3meta.number;phys.densitydoubleRCIRadius of neutral carbonpcphys.size.radiusdoubleRcloudRadius of the neutral cloudspcphys.size.radiusdoubleRH2? Radius dense molecular gaspcphys.size.radiusdoublenullablefH2? Molecular H2 fractionphys.mass;arith.ratiodoublenullableJ/A+A/679/A131/sampleGalaxies and references used to compare these results with observations from different worksSimbadNameSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.idcharnullablerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintLOIII52? Luminosity of [OIII] at 52umsolLumphys.luminositydoublenullablel_LOIII52[0/1] Limit in luminosity of [OIII] at 52ummeta.code.errorintLNIII57? Luminosity of [NIII] at 57umsolLumphys.luminositydoublenullablel_LNIII57[0/1] Limit in luminosity of [NIII] at 57ummeta.code.errorintLOI63? Luminosity of [OI] at 63umsolLumphys.luminositydoublenullablee_LOI63? Luminosity error of [OI] at 63umsolLumstat.errornullablel_LOI63[0/1] Limit in luminosity of [OI] at 63ummeta.code.errorintLOIII88? Luminosity of [OIII] at 88umsolLumphys.luminositydoublenullablel_LOIII88[0/1] Limit in luminosity of [OIII] at 88ummeta.code.errorintLNII122? Luminosity of [NII] at 122umsolLumphys.luminositydoublenullablel_LNII122[0/1] Limit in luminosity of [NII] at 122ummeta.code.errorintNameName of the galaxymeta.id;meta.maincharSNameName of the galaxy in SIMBADmeta.idcharRAJ2000Right ascension (J2000)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Declination (J2000)pos.eq.dec;meta.mainRefReference bibcodemeta.bib.bibcodecharzRedshiftsrc.redshiftfloatTypeSIMBAD Type (Object type)src.classcharSFR? Star formation ratesolMass/yrphys.SFRdoublenullablee_SFR? Star formation rate errorsolMass/yrstat.error;phys.SFRfloatnullablel_SFR[0/1] Limit in Star formation ratemeta.code.error;phys.SFRdoubleMstar? Stellar masssolMassphys.massdoublenullablee_Mstar? Stellar mass errorsolMassstat.errordoublenullablel_Mstar[0/1] Limit in stellar massmeta.code.errorintMetal? Metallicityphys.abund.Zfloatnullablee_Metal? Metallicity errorstat.error;phys.abund.Zfloatnullablel_Metal[0/1] Limit in metallicitymeta.code.error;phys.abund.Zintmu? Magnification factorphot.flux;arith.ratiofloatnullablee_mu? Magnification factor errorstat.errorfloatnullablel_mu[0/1] Limit in magnification factormeta.code.errorintf_mu[0/1] Flag magnification factormeta.codeintLOI145? Luminosity of [OI] at 145umsolLumphys.luminositydoublenullablel_LOI145[0/1] Limit in luminosity of [OI] at 145ummeta.code.errorintLCII? Luminosity of [CII] at 158umsolLumphys.luminositydoublenullablee_LCII? Luminosity error of [CII] at 158umsolLumstat.errordoublenullablel_LCII[0/1] Limit in luminosity of [CII] at 158ummeta.code.errorintLNII205? Luminosity of [NII] at 205umsolLumphys.luminositydoublenullablel_LNII205[0/1] Limit in luminosity of [NII] at 205ummeta.code.errorint