J/A+A/675/A112ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/675/A112doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.36750112CDSYang W.Gong Y.Menten K.M.Urquhart J.S.Henkel C.Wyrowski F.,Csengeri T.Ellingsen S.P.Bemis A.R.Jang J.2024-11-06T20:04:54Z2023-07-07T09:17:15ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frastrophysical-masersradio-astronomyradio-sourcesClass I methanol masers are known to be associated with shocked outflow regions around massive protostars, indicating a possible link between the maser properties and those of their host clumps. The main goals of this study are (1) to search for new class I methanol masers, (2) to statistically study the relationship between class I masers and shock tracers, (3) to compare the properties between class I masers and their host clumps, also as a function of their evolutionary stage, and (4) to constrain the physical conditions that excite multiple class I masers simultaneously. We analysed the 3mm wavelength spectral line survey of 408 clumps identified by the APEX Telescope Large Area Survey of the Galaxy (ATLASGAL), which were observed with the IRAM 30-meter telescope, focusing on the class I methanol masers with frequencies near 84, 95, and 104.3GHz. We detect narrow maser-like features towards 54, 100, and 4 sources in the maser lines near 84, 95, and 104.3GHz, respectively. Among them, 50 masers at 84GHz, 29 masers at 95GHz, and 4 rare masers at 104.3GHz are new discoveries. The new detections increase the number of known 104.3GHz masers from five to nine. The 95 GHz class I methanol maser is generally stronger than the 84 GHz maser counterpart. We find nine sources showing class I methanol masers, but no SiO emission, indicating that class I methanol masers might be the only signpost of protostellar outflow activity in extremely embedded objects at the earliest evolutionary stage. Class I methanol masers that are associated with sources that show SiO line wings are more numerous and stronger than those without such wings. The total integrated intensity of class I methanol masers is well correlated with the integrated intensity and velocity coverage of the SiO (2-1) emission. The properties of class I methanol masers are positively correlated with the bolometric luminosity, clump mass, and peak H_2 column density of their associated clumps, but are uncorrelated with the luminosity-to-mass ratio, dust temperature, and mean H_2_ volume density. We suggest that the properties of class I masers are related to shocks traced by SiO. Based on our observations, we conclude that class I methanol masers at 84 and 95GHz can trace a similar evolutionary stage to the H_2O maser, and appear prior to 6.7 and 12.2GHz methanol and OH masers. Despite their small number, the 104.3GHz class I masers appear to trace a shorter and more evolved stage compared to the other class I masers.2023A&A...675A.112Yhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/A+A/675/A112CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toJ/A+A/586/A149 : ATLASGAL II. Evolutionary stages and SiO emissionJ/MNRAS/473/1059 : Complete sample of Galactic clumps (Urquhart+, 2018)J/MNRAS/510/3389 : ATLASGAL - evolutionary trends (Urquhart+, 2022)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/675/A112https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/675/A112http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/675/A112https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/675/A112https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/675/A112http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/675/A112GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/A+A/675/A112/table2 (Summary of observed ATLASGAL sources)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/675/A112/table2?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/675/A112/table2?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/675/A112/table2?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true270.512375-23.88688890.0055555555555555565/3588 7278 7383 7564 7579 7605 7654 6/12970 14341 28912 28918-28919 29090-29091 29094 29097 29099-29101 29103 29116 29118-29119 29162 29460-29461 29463 29504-29506 29508-29509 29522 29526 29529 30218-30219 30223 30241 30244-30245 30262-30263 30268-30269 30312-30313 30315 30330 30405 30417 30419 30592 30595 30604 30606 30622-30623 30641 30644-30645 30691-30692 30694-30695 30701 30712 30714-30716 30719https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/A+A/675/A112?format=asciiRadiodefaultJ/A+A/675/A112/table2Summary of observed ATLASGAL sourcesSimbadNameSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.idcharnullablerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintRAJ2000Right Ascension (J2000)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainEvolTypeStar formation evolutionary stagesrc.classcharDEJ2000Declination (J2000)pos.eq.dec;meta.mainAGAL? ATLASGAL CSC namemeta.idcharVLSR? Radial velocitykm/sspect.dopplerVeloc;pos.lsrfloatnullableDist? Distancekpcpos.distancefloatnullableRGC? Galactocentric distancekpcpos.distance;pos.galactocentricfloatnullableTdust? Dust temperatureKphys.temperaturefloatnullablelogLbol? Log of bolometric luminositylog(solLum)phys.luminosityfloatnullablelogMFWHM? Log of the FWHM masslog(solMass)phys.massfloatnullablelogNH2? log of H2 column densitylog(cm**-2)phys.columnDensityfloatnullablelognH2? H2 volume densitylog(cm**-3)phys.densityfloatnullableLbol/MFWHM? Bolometric luminosity to FWHM mass ratiosolLum/solMassphys.luminosityfloatnullableSiO(2-1)[Y-] SiO (2-1) detection?meta.codecharSiO(5-4)[Y-] SiO (5-4) detection?meta.codecharSourceSource namemeta.id;meta.maincharf_Source[d] Flags the sources with a nearby observed target within 30 arcsecmeta.codecharJ/A+A/675/A112/table3Overview of the class I methanol maser detectionsrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintSourceSource namemeta.id;meta.maincharDet84[YyN-] 84 GHz maser detection? (1)meta.codecharDet95[YyN] 95 GHz maser detection? (1)meta.codecharDet104.3[YyN-] 104.3 GHz maser detection? (1)meta.codecharJ/A+A/675/A112/table4Observational results of class I methanol transitionsrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintSourceSource namemeta.id;meta.maincharLineFrequecy of maser transitionGHzem.freqfloatVpkPeak velocitykm/sspect.dopplerVelocfloate_VpkUncertainty in peak velocitykm/sstat.errorfloatdeltaVFWHM line widthkm/sspect.line.widthfloate_deltaVUncertainty in FWHM line widthkm/sstat.errorfloatSpkPeak flux densityJyphot.fluxfloate_SpkUncertainty in peak flux densityJystat.errorfloatSIntegrated flux densityJy.km/sphot.fluxfloate_SUncertainty in integrated flux densityJy.km/sstat.errorfloatSint? Total integrated flux densityJy.km/sphot.fluxfloatnullableLCH3OH? Isotropic luminosity of methanol emissionsolLumphys.luminosityfloatnullable