J/A+A/667/A76ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/667/A76doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.36670076CDSJunais S.Boissier S.Boselli A.Ferrarese L.Cote P.Gwyn S.,Roediger J.Lim S.Peng E.W.Cuillandre J.-C.Longobardi A.Fossati M.,Hensler G.Koda J.Bautista J.Boquien M.Malek K.Amram P.Roehlly Y.2024-11-06T20:01:22Z2022-11-11T10:43:29ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frgalaxy-clustersgalaxiesphotometryvisible-astronomysloan-photometryh-alpha-photometryultraviolet-photometryLow-surface-brightness galaxies (LSBs) contribute to a significant fraction of all the galaxies in the Universe. Ultra-diffuse galaxies (UDGs) form a subclass of LSBs that has attracted a lot of attention in recent years (although its definition may vary between studies). Although UDGs are found in large numbers in galaxy clusters, groups, and in the field, their formation and evolution are still very much debated. Using a comprehensive set of multiwavelength data from the NGVS (optical), VESTIGE (Halpha narrowband), and GUViCS (UV) surveys, we studied a sample of 64 diffuse galaxies and UDGs in the Virgo cluster to investigate their formation history. We analyzed the photometric colors and surface-brightness profiles of these galaxies and then compared them to models of galaxy evolution, including ram-pressure stripping (RPS) events to infer any possible strong interactions with the hot cluster gas in the past. While our sample consists mainly of red LSBs, which is typical in cluster environments, we found evidence of a color variation with the cluster-centric distance. Blue, HI-bearing, star-forming diffuse galaxies are found at larger distances from the cluster center than the rest of the sample. The comparison of our models with multifrequency observations suggests that most of the galaxies of the sample might have undergone a strong RPS event in their lifetime, on average 1.6Gyr ago (with a large dispersion, and RPS still ongoing for some of them). This process resulted in the transformation of initially gas-rich diffuse blue galaxies into gas-poor and red ones that form the dominant population now, the more extreme UDGs having undergone the process in a more distant past on average. The RPS in dense environments could be one of the major mechanisms for the formation of the large number of quiescent UDGs we observe in galaxy clusters.2022A&A...667A..76Jhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/A+A/667/A76CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicehttps://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/667/A76https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/667/A76http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/667/A76https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/667/A76https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/667/A76http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/667/A76GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/A+A/667/A76/tabled1 (*Properties of the selected galaxies)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/667/A76/tabled1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/667/A76/tabled1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/667/A76/tabled1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true183.08813.7380.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/A+A/667/A76/appen (Radial surface brightness profiles)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/667/A76/appen?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/667/A76/appen?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/667/A76/appen?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true183.0884713.737940.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/A+A/667/A76/list (List of fits images)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/667/A76/list?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/667/A76/list?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/667/A76/list?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true183.0884413.737970.0055555555555555565/6941 6986 6/26349 26362-26363 27715 27719 27723 27731 27733 27735 27737-27739 27741-27743 27750-27751 27763 27769 27771 27773 27775 27859 27904 27912-27913 27915 27918-27919 27931 27936 27939 27941 27948 27955 28034https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/A+A/667/A76?format=asciiUVOpticaldefaultJ/A+A/667/A76/tabled1*Properties of the selected galaxiesSimbadNameSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.idcharnullablerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintIDSource ID based on the position in the NGVS catalogmeta.id;meta.mainintNGVSName of the source in NGVS (NGVSJHH:MM:SS.ss+DD:MM:SS.s)meta.idcharVCCVCC namemeta.idcharRAJ2000Right ascension (J2000)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Declination (J2000)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainqAxis ratiophys.size.axisRatiofloatDM87Projected distance of the galaxy from M87Mpcpos.distancefloatgmagg-band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.BfloatM*Stellar mass of the galaxies (see Sect. 2.1)1e+07solMassphys.massfloatRegEffective radius of the sourcekpcphys.size.radiusfloatmu0gg-band central surface brightnessmag.arcsec**-2phot.mag.sbfloatPA[] Position angledegpos.posAngfloatE(B-V)Foreground galactic extinction from Schlegel et al. (1998ApJ...500..525S)magphot.color.excessfloatFlag[1/2] Flag for the galaxy type (1)meta.code.errorintJ/A+A/667/A76/appenRadial surface brightness profilesSuBrrObserved r band surface brightness (1)mag.arcsec**-2phot.mag.sbfloatE_SuBrrUpper limit uncertainty in SuBrrmag.arcsec**-2stat.error;stat.maxfloatrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintIDID of the galaxymeta.id;meta.mainintRAJ2000Right Ascension of center (J2000)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Declination of center (J2000)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainRarcsecRadius in angular unitsarcsecphys.angSizefloatRkpcRadius in physical unitskpcphys.size.radiusfloatl_SuBruLimit flag on SuBrumeta.code.errorcharSuBruObserved u band surface brightness (1)mag.arcsec**-2phot.mag.sbfloatE_SuBruUpper limit uncertainty in SuBrumag.arcsec**-2stat.error;stat.maxfloate_SuBruLower limit uncertainty in SuBrumag.arcsec**-2stat.errorfloatl_SuBrgLimit flag on SuBrg (3)meta.code.errorcharSuBrgObserved g band surface brightness (1)mag.arcsec**-2phot.mag.sbfloatE_SuBrgUpper limit uncertainty in SuBrgmag.arcsec**-2stat.error;stat.maxfloate_SuBrgLower limit uncertainty in SuBrgmag.arcsec**-2stat.errorfloatl_SuBrrLimit flag on SuBrr (3)meta.code.errorchare_SuBrrLower limit uncertainty in SuBrrmag.arcsec**-2stat.errorfloatl_SuBriLimit flag on SuBri (3)meta.code.errorcharSuBriObserved i band surface brightness (1)mag.arcsec**-2phot.mag.sbfloatE_SuBriUpper limit uncertainty in SuBrimag.arcsec**-2stat.error;stat.maxfloate_SuBriLower limit uncertainty in SuBrimag.arcsec**-2stat.errorfloatl_SuBrzLimit flag on SuBrz (3)meta.code.errorcharSuBrzObserved z band surface brightness (1)mag.arcsec**-2phot.mag.sbfloatE_SuBrzUpper limit uncertainty in SuBrzmag.arcsec**-2stat.error;stat.maxfloate_SuBrzLower limit uncertainty in SuBrzmag.arcsec**-2stat.errorfloatl_SigmaHaLimit flag on SigmaHa (3)meta.code.errorcharSigmaHaObserved H{alpha} narrow-band surface brightness (erg/cm2/s/arcsec2)mW.m**-2.arcsec**-2phot.mag.sbdoubleE_SigmaHaUpper limit uncertainty in SigmaHa (erg/cm2/s/arcsec2)mW.m**-2.arcsec**-2stat.error;stat.maxdoublee_SigmaHaLower limit uncertainty in SigmaHa (erg/cm2/s/arcsec2)mW.m**-2.arcsec**-2stat.errordoublel_SuBrFUVLimit flag on SuBrFUV (3)meta.code.errorcharSuBrFUV? Observed FUV band surface brightness (1) (4)mag.arcsec**-2phot.mag.sbfloatnullableE_SuBrFUV? Upper limit uncertainty in SuBrFUV (4)mag.arcsec**-2stat.error;stat.maxfloatnullablee_SuBrFUV? Lower limit uncertainty in SuBrFUV (4)mag.arcsec**-2stat.errorfloatnullablel_SuBrNUVLimit flag on SuBrnuvmeta.code.errorcharSuBrNUV? Observed NUV band surface brightness (1) (4)mag.arcsec**-2phot.mag.sbfloatnullableE_SuBrNUV? Upper limit uncertainty in SuBrnuv (4)mag.arcsec**-2stat.error;stat.maxfloatnullablee_SuBrNUV? Lower limit uncertainty in SuBrnuv (4)mag.arcsec**-2stat.errorfloatnullableJ/A+A/667/A76/listList of fits imagesNxNumber of pixels along X-axismeta.numberintNyNumber of pixels along Y-axismeta.numberintsizeSize of FITS fileKibytephys.size;meta.fitsintFileNameName of FITS file, in subdirectory fitsmeta.id;meta.fitscharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintIDID of the galaxymeta.id;meta.mainintRAJ2000Right Ascension of center (J2000)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Declination of center (J2000)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainscaleScale of the imagearcsec/pixinstr.scalefloatTitleTitle of the FITS filemeta.title;meta.fits