J/A+A/663/A36ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/663/A36doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.36630036CDSBrands S.A.de Koter A.Bestenlehner J.M.Crowther P.A.Sundqvsit J.O.,Puls J.Caballero-Nieves S.M.Abdul-Masih M.Driessen F.A.Garcia M.,Geen S.Graefener G.Hawcroft C.Kaper L.Keszthelyi Z.Langer N.,Sana H.Schneider R.N.Shenar T.Vink J.S.2024-05-02T14:32:23Z2022-07-19T12:55:18ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.fro-starssupergiant-starsstellar-agesspectroscopyultraviolet-astronomyeffective-temperatureoptical-observationcatalogsstellar-mass-lossThe star cluster R136 inside the Large Magellanic Cloud hosts a rich population of massive stars, including the most massive stars known. The strong stellar winds of these very luminous stars impact their evolution and the surrounding environment. We currently lack detailed knowledge of the wind structure that is needed to quantify this impact. To observationally constrain the stellar and wind properties of the massive stars in R136, in particular the wind-structure parameters related to wind clumping. We simultaneously analyse optical and ultraviolet spectroscopy of 53 O-type and 3 WNh-stars using the Fastwind model atmosphere code and a genetic algorithm. The models account for optically thick clumps and effects related to porosity and velocity- porosity, as well as a non-void interclump medium. We obtain stellar parameters, surface abundances, mass-loss rates, terminal velocities and clumping characteristics and compare these to theoretical predictions and evolutionary models. The clumping properties include the density of the interclump medium and the velocity-porosity of the wind. For the first time, these characteristics are systematically measured for a wide range of effective temperatures and luminosities. We confirm a cluster age of 1.0-2.5Myr and derive an initial stellar mass of >=250M_{sun}_ for the most massive star in our sample, R136a1. The winds of our sample stars are highly clumped, with an average clumping factor of fcl=29+/-15. We find tentative trends in the wind-structure parameters as a function of mass-loss rate, suggesting that the winds of stars with higher mass-loss rates are less clumped. We compare several theoretical predictions to the observed mass-loss rates and terminal velocities and find that none satisfactorily reproduces both quantities. The prescription of Krticka & Kubat matches best the observed mass-loss rates.2022A&A...663A..36Bhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/A+A/663/A36CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toJ/ApJ/448/179 : HST photometry in R136 (Hunter+ 1995)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/663/A36https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/663/A36http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/663/A36https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/663/A36https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/663/A36http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/663/A36GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/A+A/663/A36/sources (List of studied source)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/663/A36/sources?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/663/A36/sources?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/663/A36/sources?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true84.67665-69.100797220.0055555555555555566/33094https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/A+A/663/A36?format=asciiUVOpticaldefaultJ/A+A/663/A36/sourcesList of studied sourcerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintSourceSource name (G1)meta.id;meta.maincharSimbadNameSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.idcharnullableRAJ2000Right ascension (J2000)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Declination (J2000)pos.eq.dec;meta.mainJ/A+A/663/A36/tablea1Optical+UV parameters (nfree = 12-14)recnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintSourceName of the source (G1)meta.id;meta.maincharlogLLogarithmic luminosity in terms of solarlog(solLum)phys.luminosityfloatE_logLUpper CI of logLlog(solLum)stat.error;stat.maxfloate_logLLower CI of logLlog(solLum)stat.errorfloatTeffEffective temperatureKphys.temperature.effectiveintE_TeffUpper CI of TeffKstat.error;stat.maxinte_TeffLower CI of TeffKstat.error;phys.temperature.effectiveintlogglogarithmic surface gravitylog(cm.s**-2)phys.gravityfloatE_loggUpper CI of logglog(cm.s**-2)stat.error;stat.maxfloate_loggLower CI of logglog(cm.s**-2)stat.errorfloatRStellar radiussolRadphys.size.radiusfloatE_RUpper CI of RsolRadstat.error;stat.maxfloate_RLower CI of RsolRadstat.errorfloatMdotLogarithmic mass-loss ratesolMass/yrarith.ratefloatE_MdotUpper CI of MdotsolMass/yrstat.error;stat.maxfloate_MdotLower CI of MdotsolMass/yrstat.errorfloatvinfTerminal outflow velocitykm/sphys.velocintE_vinfUpper CI of vinfkm/sstat.error;stat.maxinte_vinfLower CI of vinfkm/sstat.errorintwturbFractional wind turbulence (2)km/sphys.veloc.microTurbfloatE_wturbUpper CI of wturbkm/sstat.error;stat.maxfloate_wturbLower CI of wturbkm/sstat.errorfloatfclumpClumping factorstat.fit.paramintE_fclumpUpper CI of fclumpstat.error;stat.maxinte_fclumpLower CI of fclumpstat.errorintficInterclump density contrast (3)stat.fit.paramfloatE_ficUpper CI of ficstat.error;stat.maxfloate_ficLower CI of ficstat.errorfloatfvelVelocity-porosity (4)stat.fit.paramfloatE_fvelUpper CI of fvelstat.error;stat.maxfloate_fvelLower CI of fvelstat.errorfloatbetaWind acceleration parameter betastat.fit.paramfloatE_betaUpper CI of betastat.error;stat.maxfloate_betaLower CI of betastat.errorfloatvclstFractional onset velocity of clumping (5)stat.fit.paramfloatE_vclstUpper CI of vclststat.error;stat.maxfloate_vclstLower CI of vclststat.errorfloatCCarbon abundance (6)phys.abundfloatE_CUpper CI of Cstat.error;stat.maxfloate_CLower CI of Cstat.errorfloatNNitrogen abundance (7)phys.abundfloatE_NUpper CI of Nstat.error;stat.maxfloate_NLower CI of Nstat.errorfloatfnoteNote on quality (8)meta.notecharJ/A+A/663/A36/tablea2Optical+UV parameters (nfree = 6)E_TeffUpper CI of TeffKstat.error;stat.maxinte_TeffLower CI of TeffKstat.error;phys.temperature.effectiveintlogglogarithmic surface gravitylog(cm.s**-2)phys.gravityfloatRStellar radiussolRadphys.size.radiusfloatrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. 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Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintSourceName of the source (G1)meta.id;meta.maincharSpTypeSpectral type (2)src.spTypecharMiniInitial masssolMassphys.massintE_MiniUpper CI on MinisolMassstat.error;stat.maxinte_MiniLower CI on MinisolMassstat.errorintMevolCurrent evolutionary masssolMassphys.massintE_MevolUpper CI on MevolsolMassstat.error;stat.maxinte_MevolLower CI on MevolsolMassstat.errorintE_MspecUpper CI on MspecsolMassstat.error;stat.maxinte_MspecLower CI on MspecsolMassstat.errorintageCurrent stellar ageMyrtime.agefloatE_ageUpper CI on ageMyrstat.error;stat.maxfloate_ageLower CI on ageMyrstat.error;time.agefloatQ0Logarithmic H-I ionising luminosity (3)ph/sphys.luminosityfloatQ1Logarithmic He-I ionising luminosity (3)ph/sphys.luminosityfloatQ2Logarithmic He-II ionising luminosity (3)ph/sphys.luminosityfloatL136Logarithmic ionising luminosity (4)solLumphys.luminosityfloatGammaEddington factor for electron scatteringphys.luminosity;arith.ratiofloatE_GammaUpper CI on Gammastat.error;stat.maxfloate_GammaLower CI on Gammastat.errorfloatTironEffective temperature from iron linesKphys.temperature.effectiveintfnoteNote on quality (5)meta.notecharJ/A+A/663/A36/tablei2Optical only fitrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. 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Upper CI of betastat.error;stat.maxfloatnullablee_beta? Lower CI of betastat.errorfloatnullablevsiniProjected rotational broadeningkm/sspect.line.broad;phys.mol.rotationintE_vsiniUpper CI of vsinikm/sstat.error;stat.maxinte_vsiniLower CI of vsinikm/sstat.error;phys.veloc.rotatintxHeHelium surface abundance (2)phys.abund.YfloatE_xHeUpper CI of xHe (2)stat.error;stat.maxfloate_xHeLower CI of xHe (2)stat.errorfloat