J/A+A/663/A133ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/663/A133doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.36630133CDSKarska A.Koprowski M.Solarz A.Szczerba R.Sewilo M.Siodmiak N.,Elia D.Gawronski M.Grzesiak K.Yung B.H.K.Fischer W.J.,Kristensen L.E.2022-10-03T11:20:13Z2022-09-30T15:03:44ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.fryoung-stellar-objectsinfrared-photometrymillimeter-astronomyphotometrysubmillimeter-astronomyStar formation in the outer Galaxy, namely, outside of the Solar circle, has not been extensively studied in part due to the low CO brightness of the molecular clouds linked with the negative metallicity gradient. Recent infrared surveys provide an overview of dust emission in large sections of the Galaxy, but they suffer from cloud confusion and poor spatial resolution at far-infrared wavelengths. We aim to develop a methodology to identify and classify young stellar objects (YSOs) in star-forming regions in the outer Galaxy and use it to resolve a long-standing disparity in terms of the distance and evolutionary status of IRAS 22147+5948. We used a support vector machine learning algorithm to complement standard color-color and color-magnitude diagrams in our search for YSOs in the IRAS 22147+5948 region, based on publicly available data from the Spitzer Mapping of the Outer Galaxy survey. The agglomerative hierarchical clustering algorithm was used to identify clusters. Then the physical properties of individual YSOs were calculated. The distances were determined using CO 1-0 from the Five College Radio Astronomy Observatory survey. We identified 13 Class I and 13 Class II YSO candidates using the color-color diagrams, along with an additional 2 and 21 sources, respectively, using the applied machine learning techniques. The spectral energy distributions of 23 sources were modeled with a star and a passive disk, corresponding to Class II objects. The models of three sources include envelopes that are typical for Class I objects. The objects were grouped into two clusters located at a distance of ~2.2 kpc and 5 clusters at ~5.6 kpc. The spatial extent of CO, radio continuum, and dust emission confirms the origin of YSOs in two distinct star-forming regions along a similar line of sight. The outer Galaxy may serve as a unique laboratory for exploring star formation across environments, on the condition that complementary methods and ancillary data are used to properly account for cloud confusion and distance uncertainties.2022A&A...663A.133Khttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/A+A/663/A133CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toI/352 : Distances to 1.47 billion stars in Gaia EDR3 (Bailer-Jones+ 2021)J/ApJ/880/9 : Spitzer obs. of YSOs in the SMOG field (Winston+, 2019)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/663/A133https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/663/A133http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/663/A133https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/663/A133https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/663/A133http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/663/A133GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/A+A/663/A133/table3 (Physical parameters for a subset of YSO Candidates in the IRAS 22147+5948 region with at least five photometry points, including one at a wavelength longer than 12um)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/663/A133/table3?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/663/A133/table3?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/663/A133/table3?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true333.88849660.1585390.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/A+A/663/A133/tablea1 (Distances to YSOs based on the CO emission and the Gaia catalog (Bailer-Jones et al., 2021AJ....161..147B, Cat. I/352))https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/663/A133/tablea1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/663/A133/tablea1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/663/A133/tablea1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true334.1765459.876273890.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/A+A/663/A133/tablea2 (Physical Parameters for a Subset of YSO Candidates in the IRAS 22147+5948 region with distances from the Gaia DR3 catalog)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/663/A133/tablea2?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/663/A133/tablea2?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/663/A133/tablea2?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true334.11315560.0577030.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/A+A/663/A133/tablec1 (Near- and mid-infrared photometry of YSO candidates in the IRAS 22147+5948 field)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/663/A133/tablec1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/663/A133/tablec1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/663/A133/tablec1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true333.75987760.0546590.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/A+A/663/A133/tablec2 (Photometry of YSO candidates in the IRAS 22147+5948 field from mid-infrared to submillimeter wavelengths)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/663/A133/tablec2?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/663/A133/tablec2?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/663/A133/tablec2?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true333.75987760.0546590.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/A+A/663/A133/tablec3 (Multi-wavelength photometry of YSO candidates in the IRAS 22147+5948 field with unknown distances)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/663/A133/tablec3?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/663/A133/tablec3?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/663/A133/tablec3?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true334.07821559.8473740.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/A+A/663/A133/tablec4 (YSO classification obtained in this work and in Winston et al. (2019ApJ...880....9W, Cat. J/ApJ/880/9))https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/663/A133/tablec4?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/663/A133/tablec4?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/663/A133/tablec4?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true333.75987760.0546590.0055555555555555566/15640 156423.972892068905477e-22 1.7003137259100215e-19https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/A+A/663/A133?format=asciiInfraredMillimeterdefaultJ/A+A/663/A133/table3Physical parameters for a subset of YSO Candidates in the IRAS 22147+5948 region with at least five photometry points, including one at a wavelength longer than 12umrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintGroup[AB] Group (1)meta.codecharSeqSequential number, within the groupmeta.idintT*Stellar temperatureKphys.temperatureintSSTSMOGAIRAC designation SSTSMOGA (GLLL.llll+BB.bbbb)meta.id;meta.maincharn_SSTSMOGA[g] Note on SSTSMOGA (2)meta.notecharModelSetModel set name (G1)meta.id;stat.fitcharClassinitYSO class as initially determined using color-color diagrams and machine learning algorithms (Sects. 3.2 and 3.3, respectively)meta.code.classcharClassSEDYSO class as determined from the SED fitting (see Sect. 3.7)meta.code.classcharSelectInitial Selection method used in this work are the color-color/color-magnitude diagrams (CC; Sect. 3.2) and machine learning algorithms (ML; Sect. 3.3)meta.id;stat.fitcharR*Stellar radiussolRadphys.size.radiusfloatL*Stellar luminosity (3)solLumphys.luminosityfloatM*? Stellar mass (4)solMassphys.massfloatnullableAge? Stellar age (4)Myrtime.agefloatnullable_GlonPosition from SSTSMOGA name (longitude part)degpos.galactic.lon_GlatPosition from SSTSMOGA name (latitude part)degpos.galactic.lat_RA.icrsRight ascension (ICRS) (computed by VizieR, not part of the original data. The format may include more digits than the original data because of internal accuracy requirements in VizieR and across other CDS services)degpos.eq.ranullableindexed_DE.icrsDeclination (ICRS) (computed by VizieR, not part of the original data. The format may include more digits than the original data because of internal accuracy requirements in VizieR and across other CDS services)degpos.eq.decnullableindexedJ/A+A/663/A133/tablea1Distances to YSOs based on the CO emission and the Gaia catalog (Bailer-Jones et al., 2021AJ....161..147B, Cat. I/352)recnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintSeqSequnetial numbermeta.idintRAJ2000Right ascension (J2000)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Declination (J2000)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainDgaia1414th quantile of a distance distribution from Bailer-Jones et al. (2021AJ....161..147B, Cat. I/352)pcpos.angDistanceintDgaia8686th quantile of a distance distribution from Bailer-Jones et al. (2021AJ....161..147B, Cat. I/352)pcpos.angDistanceintSSTSMOGAIRAC designation SSTSMOGA (GLLL.llll+BB.bbbb)meta.id;meta.maincharSepSeparation between the YSO and the closest Gaia target from the Bailer-Jones et al. (2021AJ....161..147B, Cat. I/352) catalogarcsecpos.angDistancefloatDkinKinematic distance from the CO emission (Section 3.1)pcpos.angDistanceintDgaia5050th quantile of a distance distribution from Bailer-Jones et al. (2021AJ....161..147B, Cat. I/352)pcpos.angDistanceintJ/A+A/663/A133/tablea2Physical Parameters for a Subset of YSO Candidates in the IRAS 22147+5948 region with distances from the Gaia DR3 catalogrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintSeqSequential numbermeta.idint_RA.icrsRight ascension (ICRS) (computed by VizieR, not part of the original data. The format may include more digits than the original data because of internal accuracy requirements in VizieR and across other CDS services)degpos.eq.ranullableindexed_DE.icrsDeclination (ICRS) (computed by VizieR, not part of the original data. The format may include more digits than the original data because of internal accuracy requirements in VizieR and across other CDS services)degpos.eq.decnullableindexedSSTSMOGAIRAC designation SSTSMOGA (GLLL.llll+BB.bbbb)meta.id;meta.maincharModelSetModel set name (G1)meta.id;stat.fitcharDistDistance taken from Bailer-Jones et al. (2021AJ....161..147B, Cat. I/352)kpcpos.angDistancefloatR*Stellar radiussolRadphys.size.radiusfloatT*Stellar temperatureKphys.temperatureintL*Stellar luminositysolLumphys.luminosityfloatM*? Stellar masssolMassphys.massfloatnullableAge? Stellar ageMyrtime.agefloatnullable_GlonPosition from SSTSMOGA name (longitude part)degpos.galactic.lon_GlatPosition from SSTSMOGA name (latitude part)degpos.galactic.latJ/A+A/663/A133/tablec1Near- and mid-infrared photometry of YSO candidates in the IRAS 22147+5948 field_RA.icrsRight ascension (ICRS) (computed by VizieR, not part of the original data. The format may include more digits than the original data because of internal accuracy requirements in VizieR and across other CDS services)degpos.eq.ranullableindexede_F4.5? IRAC 4.5um flux errormJystat.errorfloatnullable_DE.icrsDeclination (ICRS) (computed by VizieR, not part of the original data. The format may include more digits than the original data because of internal accuracy requirements in VizieR and across other CDS services)degpos.eq.decnullableindexedrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintSeqSequential numbermeta.idintSSTSMOGAIRAC designation SSTSMOGA (GLLL.llll+BB.bbbb)meta.id;meta.maincharFJ? 2MASS J fluxmJyphot.flux.density;em.IR.Jfloatnullablee_FJ? 2MASS J flux errormJystat.errorfloatnullableFH? 2MASS H fluxmJyphot.flux.densityfloatnullablee_FH? 2MASS H flux errormJystat.errorfloatnullableFKs? 2MASS Ks fluxmJyphot.mag;em.IR.Kfloatnullablee_FKs? 2MASS Ks flux errormJystat.errorfloatnullableF3.6? IRAC 3.6um fluxmJyphot.mag;em.IR.3-4umfloatnullablee_F3.6? IRAC 3.6um flux errormJystat.errorfloatnullableF4.5? IRAC 4.5um fluxmJyphot.mag;em.IR.4-8umfloatnullableF5.8? IRAC 5.8um fluxmJyphot.flux.density;em.IR.4-8umfloatnullablee_F5.8? IRAC 5.8um flux errormJystat.errorfloatnullableF8.0? IRAC 8.0um fluxmJyphot.flux.density;em.IR.8-15umfloatnullablee_F8.0? IRAC 8.0um flux errormJystat.errorfloatnullablel_F123{sigma} upper limit flag on F12meta.code.errorcharF12? AllWISE 12um fluxmJyphot.flux.density;em.IR.8-15umfloatnullablee_F12? AllWISE 12um flux errormJystat.errorfloatnullable_GlonPosition from SSTSMOGA name (longitude part)degpos.galactic.lon_GlatPosition from SSTSMOGA name (latitude part)degpos.galactic.latJ/A+A/663/A133/tablec2Photometry of YSO candidates in the IRAS 22147+5948 field from mid-infrared to submillimeter wavelengthsrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintSeqSequential numbermeta.idint_DE.icrsDeclination (ICRS) (computed by VizieR, not part of the original data. The format may include more digits than the original data because of internal accuracy requirements in VizieR and across other CDS services)degpos.eq.decnullableindexed_RA.icrsRight ascension (ICRS) (computed by VizieR, not part of the original data. The format may include more digits than the original data because of internal accuracy requirements in VizieR and across other CDS services)degpos.eq.ranullableindexedSSTSMOGAIRAC designation SSTSMOGA (GLLL.llll+BB.bbbb)meta.id;meta.maincharl_F223{sigma} upper limit flag on F22meta.code.errorcharF22? AllWISE 22um fluxmJyphot.flux.density;em.IR.15-30umfloatnullablee_F22? AllWISE 22um flux errormJystat.errorfloatnullableF24? MIPS 24um fluxmJyphot.flux.density;em.IR.15-30umfloatnullablee_F24? MIPS 24um flux errormJystat.errorfloatnullablel_F70{sigma} upper limit flag on F70meta.code.errorcharF70? PACS 70um fluxmJyphot.flux.density;em.IR.30-60umfloatnullablee_F70? PACS 70um flux errormJystat.errorfloatnullablel_F1003{sigma} upper limit flag on F100meta.code.errorcharF100? PACS 100um fluxmJyphot.flux.density;em.IR.60-100umfloatnullablee_F100? PACS 100um flux errormJystat.errorfloatnullablel_F1603{sigma} upper limit flag on F160meta.code.errorcharF160? PACS 160um fluxmJyphot.flux.density;em.mm.1500-3000GHzdoublenullablee_F160? PACS 160um flux errormJystat.errorfloatnullablel_F2503{sigma} upper limit flag on F250meta.code.errorcharF250? SPIRE 250um fluxmJyphot.flux.density;em.mm.750-1500GHzfloatnullablee_F250? SPIRE 250um flux errormJystat.errorfloatnullablel_F3503{sigma} upper limit flag on F350meta.code.errorcharF350? SPIRE 350um fluxmJyphot.flux.density;em.mm.750-1500GHzfloatnullablee_F350? SPIRE 350um flux errormJystat.errorfloatnullablel_F5003{sigma} upper limit flag on F500meta.code.errorcharF500? SPIRE 500um fluxmJyphot.flux.density;em.mm.400-750GHzfloatnullablee_F500? SPIRE 500um flux errormJystat.errorfloatnullable_GlonPosition from SSTSMOGA name (longitude part)degpos.galactic.lon_GlatPosition from SSTSMOGA name (latitude part)degpos.galactic.latJ/A+A/663/A133/tablec3Multi-wavelength photometry of YSO candidates in the IRAS 22147+5948 field with unknown distancesrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintSeqSequential number, within the groupmeta.idintSSTSMOGAIRAC designation SSTSMOGA (GLLL.llll+BB.bbbb)meta.id;meta.maincharFJ? 2MASS J fluxmJyphot.flux.density;em.IR.Jfloatnullablee_FJ? 2MASS J flux errormJystat.errorfloatnullableFH? 2MASS H fluxmJyphot.flux.densityfloatnullable_RA.icrsRight ascension (ICRS) (computed by VizieR, not part of the original data. The format may include more digits than the original data because of internal accuracy requirements in VizieR and across other CDS services)degpos.eq.ranullableindexed_DE.icrsDeclination (ICRS) (computed by VizieR, not part of the original data. The format may include more digits than the original data because of internal accuracy requirements in VizieR and across other CDS services)degpos.eq.decnullableindexede_FH? 2MASS H flux errormJystat.errorfloatnullableFKs? 2MASS Ks fluxmJyphot.mag;em.IR.Kfloatnullablee_FKs? 2MASS Ks flux errormJystat.errorfloatnullableF3.6IRAC 3.6um fluxmJyphot.mag;em.IR.3-4umfloate_F3.6IRAC 3.6um flux errormJystat.errorfloatF4.5IRAC 4.5um fluxmJyphot.mag;em.IR.4-8umfloate_F4.5IRAC 4.5um flux errormJystat.errorfloatF5.8? IRAC 5.8um fluxmJyphot.flux.density;em.IR.4-8umfloatnullablee_F5.8? IRAC 5.8um flux errormJystat.errorfloatnullableF8.0? IRAC 8.0um fluxmJyphot.flux.density;em.IR.8-15umfloatnullablee_F8.0? IRAC 8.0um flux errormJystat.errorfloatnullableF12AllWISE 12um fluxmJyphot.flux.density;em.IR.8-15umfloate_F12AllWISE 12um flux errormJystat.errorfloatF22AllWISE 22um fluxmJyphot.flux.density;em.IR.15-30umfloate_F22AllWISE 22um flux errormJystat.errorfloatF24? MIPS 24um fluxmJyphot.flux.density;em.IR.15-30umfloatnullablee_F24? MIPS 24um flux errormJystat.errorfloatnullable_GlonPosition from SSTSMOGA name (longitude part)degpos.galactic.lon_GlatPosition from SSTSMOGA name (latitude part)degpos.galactic.latJ/A+A/663/A133/tablec4YSO classification obtained in this work and in Winston et al. (2019ApJ...880....9W, Cat. J/ApJ/880/9)ClassIRACClassification obtained in Winston et al. (2019ApJ...880....9W, J/ApJ/880/9) using only IRAC bandsmeta.code.classcharClassMPISClassification obtained in Winston et al. (2019ApJ...880....9W, J/ApJ/880/9) using IRAC and MIPS bandsmeta.code.classchar_GlonPosition from SSTSMOGA name (longitude part)degpos.galactic.lon_GlatPosition from SSTSMOGA name (latitude part)degpos.galactic.lat_RA.icrsRight ascension (ICRS) (computed by VizieR, not part of the original data. The format may include more digits than the original data because of internal accuracy requirements in VizieR and across other CDS services)degpos.eq.ranullableindexed_DE.icrsDeclination (ICRS) (computed by VizieR, not part of the original data. The format may include more digits than the original data because of internal accuracy requirements in VizieR and across other CDS services)degpos.eq.decnullableindexedrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintSeqSequential numbermeta.idintSSTSMOGAIRAC designation SSTSMOGA (GLLL.llll+BB.bbbb)meta.id;meta.maincharn_SSTSMOGA[*] * for sources with different classifications obtained here and in Winston et al. (2019ApJ...880....9W, J/ApJ/880/9)meta.notecharClassMLClassification obtained using machine learning (Section 3.3)meta.code.classcharn_ClassML[t] Note on ClassML (1)meta.notecharClassCCClassification obtained using color-color diagrams when the kinematic distance was also available (Section 3.2)meta.code.classcharClassCCndClassification obtained using color-color diagrams created using the criteria which did not require distance (see text)meta.code.classchar