J/A+A/657/A9ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/657/A9doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.36570009CDSCastignani G.Combes F.Jablonka P.Finn R.A.Rudnick G.Vulcani B.,Desai V.Zaritsky D.Salome P.2024-03-01T06:44:21Z2021-12-22T17:34:21ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frgalaxy-clustersgalaxiesh-i-line-emissionco-line-emissionradio-spectroscopyIt is now well established that galaxies have different morphology, gas content and star formation rate in dense environments like galaxy clusters. The impact of environmental density extends to several virial radii, and galaxies appear to be pre-processed in filaments and groups, before falling into the cluster. Our goal is to quantify this pre-processing, in terms of gas content, and star formation rate, as a function of density in cosmic filaments. We have observed the two first CO transitions in 163 galaxies with the IRAM-30m telescope, and added 82 more measurements from the literature, for a sample of 245 galaxies in the filaments around Virgo cluster. We gathered HI-21cm measurements from the literature, and observed 69 galaxies with the Nancay telescope, to complete our sample. We compare our filament galaxies with comparable samples from the Virgo cluster and with the isolated galaxies of the AMIGA sample. We find a clear progression from field galaxies to filament and cluster ones for decreasing star formation rate, increasing fraction of galaxies in the quenching phase, increasing proportion of early-type galaxies and decreasing gas content. Galaxies in the quenching phase, defined as having star formation rate below one third of the main sequence rate, are only between 0-20% in the isolated sample, according to local galaxy density, while they are 20-60% in the filaments and 30-80% in the Virgo cluster. Processes that lead to star formation quenching are already at play in filaments. They depend mostly on the local galaxy density, while the distance to the filament spine is a secondary parameter. While the HI to stellar mass ratio decreases with local density by an order of magnitude in the filaments, and two orders of magnitude in the Virgo cluster with respect to the field, the decrease is much less for the H2 to stellar mass ratio. As the environmental density increases, the gas depletion time decreases, since the gas content decreases faster than the star formation rate. This suggests that gas depletion significantly precedes star formation quenching.2022A&A...657A...9Chttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/A+A/657/A9CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicehttps://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/657/A9https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/657/A9http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/657/A9https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/657/A9https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/657/A9http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/657/A9GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/A+A/657/A9/tablea1 (Environmental properties for the filament galaxies in the sample)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/657/A9/tablea1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/657/A9/tablea1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/657/A9/tablea1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true118.43862521.04941670.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/A+A/657/A9/tablea2 (Properties of our filament galaxies)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/657/A9/tablea2?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/657/A9/tablea2?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/657/A9/tablea2?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true118.43862521.04941670.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/A+A/657/A9/tablea4 (CO results of our IRAM-30m campaign)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/657/A9/tablea4?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/657/A9/tablea4?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/657/A9/tablea4?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true124.22672524.17702780.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/A+A/657/A9/tablea5 (HI results from our campaign and the literature)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/657/A9/tablea5?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/657/A9/tablea5?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/657/A9/tablea5?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true118.438668921.04942390.0055555555555555566/4447 4565 4599 4787 4807 4815 4829 4887 4912 4945 4953 4989 5001 5006 5017 5021 5024 5028 5058-5059 5075-5076 5134 5164 5172 5181-5183 5200 5239 5241 5244 5247 5263 5288 5306 5308 5332 5342 5364 5370 5396 5398-5399 5428-5429 5448 5451 5472-5474 5599 5608 5611 5629 5631 5634-5635 5637-5639 5648 5745 5773-5774 5799 5975 5982 6012 6099 6523 7177 7204 7214 8193 8195-8197 8203 8208 8225 8228 8235 8287 8320 8328 8330 8458 8473 8485 8492 8501 8522 8533 8536 9219-9220 10108 10220 10273 10280 10298 10328 10364 10380 10385 10396 10402 10406 10437 10448 10454 10456 10473 10542 10628-10629 10635-10638 10650 10661-10662 10668 10673-10674 10888 10912 10924-10925 10927 10930 10941 10986 10990-10991 11026 11387 11389 11469 11472 11474 11480 11492 11494 11560 11568 11571 25959 25966 25972 25974 25979-25980 26055 26065 26068 26072 26090-26091 26093 26388 26432 26472 27871 27892 28019 28023 28076 28381 28404 28444 28463 28494-28496 28498 28508 28529 28557 28579 28593 28601 28603-28604 28631 31404 31406 31418 32426 32439 32482 32487https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/A+A/657/A9?format=asciiRadiodefaultJ/A+A/657/A9/tablea1Environmental properties for the filament galaxies in the samplerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintMoreDisplay data for all the tablesmeta.ref.urlcharGalaxyGalaxy namemeta.id;meta.maincharRAJ2000Right ascension (J2000)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Declination (J2000)pos.eq.dec;meta.mainSGXSuper Galactic X coordinate in Mpc/hMpcpos.cartesian.x;pos.galacticfloatSGYSuper Galactic Y coordinate in Mpc/hMpcpos.cartesian.y;pos.galacticfloatSGZSuper Galactic Z coordinate in Mpc/hMpcpos.cartesian.z;pos.galacticfloatFilFilament namemeta.idchardfil3DDistance of the galaxy to the filament spine, estimated in 3D, in Mpc/hMpcpos.distancefloatdclust3DDistance of the galaxy to the Virgo cluster, estimated in 3D, Mpc/hMpcpos.distancefloatdfil2DDistance of the galaxy to the filament spine, estimated in 2D, in Mpc/hMpcpos.distancefloatdclust2DDistance of the galaxy to the Virgo cluster, estimated in 2D, Mpc/hMpcpos.distancefloatthetaOrientation between the major axis of the galaxy and the direction of the filament spine, {theta}_alignment_degpos.posAnginte_log(n5-3D)Error on 3D local density, lower value, in (h^3^/Mpc^3^)log(Mpc**-3)stat.errorfloatSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharGroup? Group PGC ID (1)meta.idintnullableRichness? Richness (1)src.class.richnessintnullablelog(Mgroup)? Group mass (1)log(solMass)phys.massfloatnullablelog(n5-2D)2D local density in (h^2^/Mpc^2^)log(Mpc**-2)src.densityfloatE_log(n5-2D)Error on 2D local density, upper value, in (h^2^/Mpc^2^)log(Mpc**-2)stat.error;stat.maxfloate_log(n5-2D)Error on 2D local density, lower value, in (h^2^/Mpc^2^)log(Mpc**-2)stat.errorfloatlog(n5-3D)3D local density in (h^3^/Mpc^3^)log(Mpc**-3)phys.densityfloatE_log(n5-3D)Error on 3D local density, upper value, in (h^3^/Mpc^3^)log(Mpc**-3)stat.error;stat.maxfloatJ/A+A/657/A9/tablea2Properties of our filament galaxiesrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintMoreDisplay data for all the tablesmeta.ref.urlcharGalaxyGalaxy namemeta.id;meta.maincharRAJ2000Right ascension (J2000)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Declination (J2000)pos.eq.dec;meta.mainHVHeliocentric radial velocitykm/sspect.dopplerVeloc;pos.heliocentricintVcosmicCosmic radial velocitykm/sspect.dopplerVeloc;pos.cmbintn_Vcosmic[a] Note on Vcosmic (1)meta.notecharlog(D25)D_25_ diameter, from HyperLedalog(0.1arcmin)phys.angSizefloate_log(D25)Error on D_25_ diameterlog(0.1arcmin)stat.errorfloatiInclination, from HyperLedadegsrc.orbital.inclinationfloatPAPosition angle, from HyperLedadegpos.posAngintn_PA[b] Note on PA (1)meta.notecharlog(M*)Stellar mass, from Leroy et al. (2019ApJS..244...24L)log(solMass)phys.massfloate_log(M*)Stellar mass errorlog(solMass)stat.errorfloatn_log(M*)[c] Note on log(M*) (1)meta.notecharlog(SFR)Star formation rate, from Leroy et al. (2019ApJS..244...24L)log(solMass.yr**-1)phys.SFRfloatE_log(SFR)Error on star formation rate, upper valuelog(solMass.yr**-1)stat.error;stat.maxfloate_log(SFR)Error on star formation rate, lower valuelog(solMass.yr**-1)stat.errorfloatn_log(SFR)[defg] Note on log(SFR) (1)meta.notecharlog(SFR/SFR_MS_)SFR normalized to the value of the main sequence SFR_MS_, following the MS prescription by Leroy et al. (2019ApJS..244...24L)phys.SFRfloatMorphMorphology, from HyperLedasrc.morphcharTTypede Vaucouleurs classificationsrc.morph.typefloatJ/A+A/657/A9/tablea3CO results from the literaturee_rJ1? Excitation ratio errorstat.errorfloatnullablel_log(MH2)3{sigma} upper limit flag on log(MH2)meta.code.errorcharlog(MH2)? Total H_2_ gas masslog(solMass)phys.massfloatnullableE_log(MH2)? Error on total H_2_ gas mass, upper valuelog(solMass)stat.error;stat.maxfloatnullablee_log(MH2)? Error on total H_2_ gas mass, lower valuelog(solMass)stat.errorfloatnullableTelTelescopemeta.id;instr.telcharRefReference (1)meta.ref;pos.framecharMoreDisplay data for all the tablesmeta.ref.urlcharGalaxyGalaxy namemeta.id;meta.maincharn_Dist[a] a for redshift independent distancemeta.notecharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintDistDistanceMpcpos.distancefloatlog(D25)D_25_ diameterlog(0.1arcmin)phys.angSizefloate_log(D25)Error on D_25_ diameterlog(0.1arcmin)stat.errorfloatfap? Filling factor, which is not reported in the cases where the CO observations correspond to multiple pointings or mapsstat.fit.paramfloatnullablelog(L'CO)log velocity integrated CO(J-->J-1) luminositylog(K.km.s**-1.pc**2)phys.luminosityfloatE_log(L'CO)? Error on log(L'CO), upper valuelog(K.km.s**-1.pc**2)stat.error;stat.maxfloatnullablee_log(L'CO)? Error on log(L'CO), lower valuelog(K.km.s**-1.pc**2)stat.errorfloatnullablerJ1? Excitation ratiospect.line.intensity;arith.ratiofloatnullableCOtransCO(J-->J-1) transition (1-->0, 2-->1 or 3-->2)meta.id;phys.atmol.transitioncharl_log(L'CO)3{sigma} upper limit flag on log(L'CO)meta.code.errorcharn_log(L'CO)[b] b for tentative detections with SNR<3meta.notecharJ/A+A/657/A9/tablea4CO results of our IRAM-30m campaignSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlchar_RARight Ascension (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEDeclination (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintMoreDisplay data for all the tablesmeta.ref.urlcharGalaxyGalaxy name (1)meta.id;meta.maincharDistDistanceMpcpos.distancefloatn_Dist[a] a for redshift independent distancemeta.notecharlog(D25)D_25_ diameterlog(0.1arcmin)phys.angSizefloate_log(D25)rms uncertainty on D_25_ diameterlog(0.1arcmin)stat.errorfloatCOtransCO(J-->J-1) transition (1-->0 or 2-->1)meta.id;phys.atmol.transitioncharl_SCOD3{sigma} upper limit flag on SCOD (2)meta.code.errorcharSCODObserved velocity integrated flux, not aperture correctedJy.km/sspect.line.intensityfloate_SCOD? rms uncertainty on observed velocity integrated fluxJy.km/sstat.errorfloatnullablefapFilling factorstat.fit.paramfloatFWHM? FWHM of the CO(J-->J-1) linekm/sspect.line.width;spect.lineintnullablee_FWHM? rms uncertainty on FWHM of the CO(J-->J-1) linekm/sstat.error;phys.angSizeintnullablel_log(L'CO)3{sigma} upper limit flag on log(L'CO) (2)meta.code.errorcharlog(L'CO)Velocity integrated CO(J-->J-1) luminositylog(K.km.s**-1.pc**2)phys.luminosityfloatE_log(L'CO)? Error on log(L'CO), upper valuelog(K.km.s**-1.pc**2)stat.error;stat.maxfloatnullablee_log(L'CO)? Error on log(L'CO), lower valuelog(K.km.s**-1.pc**2)stat.errorfloatnullablen_log(L'CO)[b] b for tentative detections with SNR<3meta.notecharl_r213{sigma} upper limit flag on r21 (2)meta.code.errorcharr21? Excitation ratiospect.line.intensity;arith.ratiofloatnullablee_r21? rms uncertainty on excitation ratiostat.errorfloatnullablel_log(MH2)3{sigma} upper limit flag on log(MH2) (2)meta.code.errorcharlog(MH2)? Total H_2_ gas masslog(solMass)phys.massfloatnullableE_log(MH2)? Error on log(MH2), upper valuelog(solMass)stat.error;stat.maxfloatnullablee_log(MH2)? Error on log(MH2), lower valuelog(solMass)stat.errorfloatnullableJ/A+A/657/A9/tablea5HI results from our campaign and the literaturerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintMoreDisplay data for all the tablesmeta.ref.urlcharGalaxyGalaxy name (1)meta.id;meta.maincharDistDistanceMpcpos.distancefloatn_Dist[a] a for redshift independent distancemeta.notecharl_SHI3 {sigma} upper limit flag on SHImeta.code.errorcharSHIVelocity integrated HI fluxJy.km/sphot.flux.density;spect.linefloate_SHI? rms uncertainty on velocity integrated HI fluxJy.km/sstat.errorfloatnullablen_SHI[b] b for tentative HI detections with SNR<3 from our campaign at Nancaymeta.notecharW50? HI line width, reported only for detections from our campaignkm/sspect.line.widthintnullablee_W50? rms uncertainty on HI line widthkm/sstat.errorintnullablel_log(MHI)3 {sigma} upper limit flag on log(MHI)meta.code.errorcharlog(MHI)HI masslog(solMass)phys.massfloatSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharE_log(MHI)? Error on HI mass, upper valuelog(solMass)stat.error;stat.maxfloatnullablee_log(MHI)? Error on HI mass, lower valuelog(solMass)stat.errorfloatnullableRefReference (2)meta.ref;pos.framechar_RARight Ascension (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEDeclination (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainJ/A+A/657/A9/tablea6Summary of molecular and atomic gas properties for our filament galaxiesE_log(MH2)? Error on H2 mass, upper valuelog(solMass)stat.error;stat.maxfloatnullablee_log(MH2)? Error on H2 mass, lower valuelog(solMass)stat.errorfloatnullablel_log(MH2/M*)3 {sigma} upper limit flag on log(MH2/M*)meta.code.errorcharlog(MH2/M*)MH_2_/M* mass ratiophys.mass;arith.ratiofloatE_log(MH2/M*)? Error on MH_2_/M* mass ratio, upper valuestat.error;stat.maxfloatnullablee_log(MH2/M*)? Error on MH_2_/M* mass ratio, lower valuestat.errorfloatnullablelog(MH2/M*)MSMH_2_/M* mass ratio at the main sequence (1)phys.mass;arith.ratiofloate_log(MH2/M*)MS? rms uncertainty on MH_2_/M* mass ratio at the main sequencestat.errorfloatnullablel_log(tau)3 {sigma} upper limit flag on log(tau)meta.code.errorcharlog(tau)Depletion timelog(yr)time.agefloatrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintMoreDisplay data for all the tablesmeta.ref.urlcharGalaxyGalaxy namemeta.id;meta.maincharDistDistanceMpcpos.distancefloatn_Dist[a] a for redshift independent distancesmeta.notecharl_r213 {sigma} upper limit flag on r21meta.code.errorcharr21? excitation ratiospect.line.intensity;arith.ratiofloatnullablee_r21? rms uncertainty on excitation ratiostat.errorfloatnullablel_log(MH2)3 {sigma} upper limit flag on log(MH2)meta.code.errorcharlog(MH2)H2 masslog(solMass)phys.massfloatE_log(tau)? Error on depletion time, upper valuelog(yr)stat.error;stat.maxfloatnullablee_log(tau)? Error on depletion time, lower valuelog(yr)stat.errorfloatnullablelog(tau)MSDepletion time at the main sequence (1)log(yr)time.agefloate_log(tau)MSrms uncertainty on depletion time at the main sequencelog(yr)stat.errorfloatl_log(MHI)3 {sigma} upper limit flag on log(MHI)meta.code.errorcharlog(MHI)HI masslog(solMass)phys.massfloatE_log(MHI)? Error on HI mass, upper valuelog(solMass)stat.error;stat.maxfloatnullablee_log(MHI)? Error on HI mass, lower valuelog(solMass)stat.errorfloatnullablel_log(MHI/M*)3 {sigma} upper limit flag on log(MHI/M*)meta.code.errorcharlog(MHI/M*)MHI/M* mass ratiophys.mass;arith.ratiofloatE_log(MHI/M*)? Error on MHI/M* mass ratio, upper valuestat.error;stat.maxfloatnullablee_log(MHI/M*)? Error on MHI/M* mass ratio, lower valuestat.errorfloatnullablelog(MHI/M*)MSMHI/M* mass ratio at the main sequence (2)phys.mass;arith.ratiofloate_log(MHI/M*)MSrms uncertainty on MHI/M* mass ratio at the main sequencestat.errorfloatRefCO[1/2] Reference for CO (3)meta.bibintRefHI[1/2] Reference for HI (3)meta.ref;pos.frameintJ/A+A/657/A9/listspList of CO and HI spectrarecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintMoreDisplay data for all the tablesmeta.ref.urlcharGalaxyGalaxy namemeta.id;meta.maincharLineObserved line (CO(1-0), CO(2-1) or HI)meta.id;spect.linecharFileNameName of the spectrum filemeta.id;meta.filecharVCShow the spectrummeta.ref.urlchar