ATLASGAL deuteration of ammonia

ATLASGAL deuteration of ammoniaJ/A+A/649/A21ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/649/A21doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.36490021CDSWienen M.Wyrowski F.Walmsley C.M.Csengeri T.Pillai T.,Giannetti A.Menten K.M.2021-07-05T11:45:02Z2021-05-03T08:43:57ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frinterstellar-mediummillimeter-astronomysubmillimeter-astronomyradio-astronomyDeuteration has been used as a tracer of the evolutionary phases of low- and high-mass star formation. The APEX Telescope Large Area Survey (ATLASGAL) provides an important repository for a detailed statistical study of massive star-forming clumps in the inner Galactic disc at different evolutionary phases. We study the amount of deuteration using NH_2_D in a representative sample of high-mass clumps discovered by the ATLASGAL survey covering various evolutionary phases of massive star formation. The deuterium fraction of NH_3_ is derived from the NH_2_D 1_11_-1_01_ortho transition at ~86GHz and NH_2_D 1_11_-1_01_para line at ~110GHz. This is refined for the first time by measuring the NH_2_D excitation temperature directly with the NH_2_D 2_12_-2_02_para transition at ~74GHz. Any variation of NH_3_ deuteration and ortho-to-para ratio with the evolutionary sequence is analysed. Unbiased spectral line surveys at 3mm were conducted towards ATLASGAL clumps between 85 and 93GHz with the Mopra telescope and from 84 to 115GHz using the IRAM 30m telescope. A subsample was followed up in the NH_2_D transition at 74GHz with the IRAM 30m telescope. We determined the deuterium fractionation from the column density ratio of NH_2_D and NH_3_ and measured the NH_2_D excitation temperature for the first time from the simultaneous modelling of the 74 and 110GHz line using MCWeeds. We searched for trends in NH_3_ deuteration with the evolutionary sequence of massive star formation. We derived the column density ratio from the 86 and 110GHz transitions as an estimate of the NH_2_D ortho-to-para ratio. We find a large range of the NH_2_D to NH_3_ column density ratio up to 1.6+/-0.7 indicating a high degree of NH_3_ deuteration in a subsample of the clumps. Our analysis yields a clear difference between NH_3_ and NH_2_D rotational temperatures for a fraction. We therefore advocate observation of the NH_2_D transitions at 74 and 110GHz simultaneously to determine the NH_2_D temperature directly. We determine a median ortho-to-para column density ratio of 3.7+/-1.2. The high detection rate of NH_2_D confirms a high deuteration previously found in massive star-forming clumps. Using the excitation temperature of NH_2_D instead of NH_3_ is needed to avoid an overestimation of deuteration. We measure a higher detection rate of NH_2_D in sources at early evolutionary stages. The deuterium fractionation shows no correlation with evolutionary tracers such as the NH_3_ (1,1) line width, or rotational temperature.2021A&A...649A..21Whttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/A+A/649/A21CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toJ/A+A/570/A65 : ATLASGAL massive clumps CO depletion (Giannetti+, 2014)J/A+A/586/A149 : SiO in ATLASGAL-selected massive clumps (Csengeri+, 2016)J/A+A/599/A139 : ATLASGAL massive clumps dust characterization (Koenig+, 2017)J/A+A/602/A37 : Millimeter RRL in ATLASGAL-selected massive clumps (Kim+ 2017)J/A+A/603/A33 : Temperature evolution in massive clumps (Giannetti+, 2017)J/A+A/611/A6 : ATLASGAL massive clumps H_2_CO data (Tang+, 2018)J/A+A/622/A135 : Mid-J CO emission of Top100 clumps (Navarete+, 2019)J/A+A/644/A160 : ATLASGAL-selected massive clumps. Chemistry of PDR (Kim+ 2020)J/A+A/544/A146 : ATLASGAL cold high-mass clumps with NH_3_ (Wienen+, 2012)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/649/A21https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/649/A21http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/649/A21https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/649/A21https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/649/A21http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/649/A21GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/A+A/649/A21/table2 (Source positions, properties of NH_2_D at 86GHz and NH_3_ rotational temperature)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/649/A21/table2?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/649/A21/table2?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/649/A21/table2?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true188.42025-61.64802780.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/A+A/649/A21/table3 (Line parameters of NH_2_D at 110GHz)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/649/A21/table3?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/649/A21/table3?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/649/A21/table3?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true272.335375-20.25063890.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/A+A/649/A21/table4 (Properties of NH_2_D line at 74GHz)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/649/A21/table4?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/649/A21/table4?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/649/A21/table4?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true271.597375-21.61888890.0055555555555555565/7278 7564 7579 10453 6/14352-14354 28802 28808 28812-28813 28824 28918-28919 29091 29094 29097 29099-29101 29103 29116 29118-29119 29162 29461 29463 29504-29505 29507-29510 29529 29532-29533 29535 30218 30241 30244-30245 30262-30263 30268-30269 30313 30315 30330 30405 30417 30419-30421 30595 30616-30617 30619 30644-30645 30694-30695 41597 41653 41655 41663 41677 41682-41683 41697 41759 41767 41770 41772 41776 41780 41782 41805 41811 41817 41820 41824-41825 42159 42169-42174 42207 42210-42211 42213-42215 42224-42225 42227-42230 42376 42378-42379 42381-42382 42387 42390 42392 42396 42398 42435-42436 42438 42440-42441 42447 42451 42455 42457 42460 42496-42497 42512 43021 43026https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/A+A/649/A21?format=asciiMillimeterRadiodefaultJ/A+A/649/A21/table6Column density of NH_2_D at 110GHz and ortho-to-para ratiorecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintNameSource Name (GLLL.ll+B.bb)meta.id;meta.maincharNNH2D(110)Column density of NH_2_D at 110GHz1e+13cm**-2phys.columnDensityfloate_NNH2D(110)Error of the NH_2_D column density1e+13cm**-2stat.errorfloatNo(86)/Np(110)Column density ratio of ortho to para NH_2_D, Northo(86GHz)/Npara(110GHz)phot.flux.density;em.mm.50-100GHzfloate_No(86)/Np(110)Error of column density ratiostat.errorfloat

J/A+A/649/A21/table9Velocity integrated intensity of NH_2_D at 86GHz and 110GHz and the ratio of both integrated intensitiesNameSource Namemeta.id;meta.maincharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintTMBdv(86)Velocity integrated intensity of NH_2_D at 86GHzK.km/sspect.dopplerVeloc.radio;em.mm.50-100GHzfloate_TMBdv(86)Error of velocity integrated intensity of ortho NH_2_DK.km/sstat.errorfloatTMBdv(110)Velocity integrated intensity of NH_2_D at 110GHzK.km/sspect.dopplerVeloc.radio;em.mm.100-200GHzfloate_TMBdv(110)Error of velocity integrated intensity of para NH_2_DK.km/sstat.errorfloatTMBdv(86)/TMBdv(110)Ratio of ortho to para NH_2_D velocity integrated intensityspect.line.intensity;arith.ratiofloate_TMBdv(86)/TMBdv(110)Error of velocity integrated intensity ratiostat.errorfloat

J/A+A/649/A21/table2Source positions, properties of NH_2_D at 86GHz and NH_3_ rotational temperaturerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintNameSource Name (GLLL.ll+B.bb)meta.id;meta.maincharRAJ2000Right Ascension (J2000)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Declination (J2000)pos.eq.dec;meta.maintauNH3Optical depth of the NH_3_ (1,1) linephys.absorption.opticalDepthfloate_tauNH3Error of the optical depthstat.errorfloatn_tauNH3[*] Note on tauNH3 (1)meta.notecharvLSRVelocity of NH_2_D line at 86GHzkm/sphys.veloc;pos.lsrfloate_vLSRError of the velocitykm/sstat.error;phys.veloc;pos.lsrfloatDeltavLinewidthkm/sspect.line.widthfloate_DeltavError of the linewidthkm/sstat.errorfloatTMBMain beam brightness temperatureKphys.temperaturefloate_TMBError of main beam brightness temperatureKstat.errorfloatTrot? rotational temperature between the NH_3_ (1,1) and (2,2) inversion transitionKphys.temperaturefloatnullablee_Trot? Error of rotational temperatureKstat.errorfloatnullable

J/A+A/649/A21/table3Line parameters of NH_2_D at 110GHzrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintNameSource Name (GLLL.ll+B.bb)meta.id;meta.maincharm_Name[AB] Multiplicity index on Namemeta.code.multipcharRAJ2000Right Ascension (J2000)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Declination (J2000)pos.eq.dec;meta.mainvLSRVelocity of NH_2_D line at 110GHzkm/sphys.veloc;pos.lsrfloate_vLSRError of the velocitykm/sstat.error;phys.veloc;pos.lsrfloatDeltav110Linewidthkm/sspect.line.widthfloatTMB110Main beam brightness temperatureKphys.temperaturefloate_TMB110Error of main beam brightness temperatureKstat.errorfloat

J/A+A/649/A21/table4Properties of NH_2_D line at 74GHzrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintNameSource Name (GLLL.ll+B.bb)meta.id;meta.maincharRAJ2000Right Ascension (J2000)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Declination (J2000)pos.eq.dec;meta.mainvLSR74Velocity of NH_2_D line at 74GHzkm/sphys.veloc;pos.lsrfloatE_vLSR74? Error of the velocity (upper value)km/sstat.error;stat.maxfloatnullablee_vLSR74? Error of the velocity (lower value)km/sstat.errorfloatnullableDeltavLSR74? Linewidthkm/sspect.line.widthfloatnullableE_DeltavLSR74? Error of the linewidth (upper value)km/sstat.error;stat.maxfloatnullablee_DeltavLSR74? Error of the linewidth (lower value)km/sstat.errorfloatnullableTrotNH2DRotational temperature between the NH_2_D 1_11_-1_01_ line and 2_12_-2_02_ transitionkm/sphys.temperaturefloatE_TrotNH2D? Error of the rotational temperature (upper value)km/sstat.error;stat.maxfloatnullablee_TrotNH2D? Error of the rotational temperature (lower value)km/sstat.errorfloatnullable

J/A+A/649/A21/table5Column densities and deuteration of NH_3_ and NH_2_D at 86GHzNameSource Name (GLLL.ll+B.bb)meta.id;meta.mainchareta? Beam filling factorarith.factor;stat.filling;instr.beamfloatnullablee_eta? Error of the beam filling factorstat.error;phys.electron.degenfloatnullablerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintNNH3? NH_3_ column density1e+15cm**-2phys.columnDensityfloatnullablee_NNH3? Error of NH_3_ column density1e+15cm**-2stat.errorfloatnullableNNH2D(86)? Column density of NH_2_D at 86GHz1e+13cm**-2phys.columnDensityfloatnullablee_NNH2D(86)? Error of the NH_2_D column density1e+13cm**-2stat.errorfloatnullable[NH2D/NH3]? Deuterationspect.line.intensity;arith.ratiofloatnullablee_[NH2D/NH3]? Error of deuterationstat.errorfloatnullableTMBdv(86)Velocity integrated intensity of NH_2_D at 86GHzK.km/sspect.dopplerVeloc.radio;em.mm.50-100GHzfloate_TMBdv(86)Error of velocity integrated intensityK.km/sstat.errorfloat