J/A+A/645/A113ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/645/A113doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.36450113CDSKoenig C.Urquhart J.S.Wyrowski F.Colombo D.Menten K.M.2021-07-05T06:45:24Z2021-01-22T09:44:41ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frstar-forming-regionsmolecular-cloudsco-line-emissionStar formation in the outer Galaxy is thought to be different from that in the inner Galaxy, as it is subject to different environmental parameters such as metallicity, interstellar radiation field, or mass surface density, which all change with galactocentric radius. Extending our star formation knowledge, from the inner to the outer Galaxy, helps us to understand the influences of the change of the environment on star formation throughout the Milky Way. We aim to obtain a more detailed view on the structure of the outer Galaxy, determining physical properties for a large number of star forming clumps and understanding star formation outside the solar circle. As one of the largest expanding Galactic super-shellsis present in the observed region, a unique opportunity is taken here to investigate the influence of such an expanding structure on star formation as well. We used pointed ^12^CO(2-1) observations conducted with the APEX telescope to determine the velocity components towards 830 dust clumps identified from 250um Herschel/Hi-GAL SPIRE emission maps in the outer Galaxy between 225<l<260. We determined kinematic distances from the velocity components, in order to analyze the structure of the outer Galaxy and to estimate physical properties such as dust temperatures, bolometric luminosities, clump masses, and H2 column densities for 611 clumps. Forthis, we determined the dust spectral energy density distributions from archival mid-infrared to sub- millimeter (submm) emission maps. We find the identified CO clouds to be strongly correlated with the highest column density parts of the Hiemission distribution, spanning a web of bridges, spurs, and blobs of star forming regions between the larger complexes, unveiling the complex three-dimensional structure of the outer Galaxy in unprecedented detail. Using the physical properties of the clumps, we find an upper limit of 6% (40 sources) capable of forming high-mass stars. This is supported by the fact that only two methanol Class II masers,or 34 known or candidate HII regions, are found in the whole survey area, indicating an even lower fraction that are able to form high-mass stars in the outer Galaxy. We fail to find any correlation of the physical parameters of the identified (potential) star forming regions with the expanding supershell, indicating that although the shell organizes the interstellar material into clumps, the properties of the latter are unaffected. Using the APEX telescope in combination with publicly available Hi-GAL, MSX, and Wise continuum emission maps, we were able to investigate the structure and properties of a region of the Milky Way in unprecedented detail.2021A&A...645A.113Khttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/A+A/645/A113CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toJ/A+A/599/A139 : ATLASGAL massive clumps dust characterization (Koenig+, 2017)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/645/A113https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/645/A113http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/645/A113https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/645/A113https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/645/A113http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/645/A113GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/A+A/645/A113/table4 (CO(2-1) Components)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/645/A113/table4?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/645/A113/table4?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/645/A113/table4?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true107.904616-11.01479730.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/A+A/645/A113/table5 (CO(2-1) clouds/complexes)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/645/A113/table5?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/645/A113/table5?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/645/A113/table5?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true107.904616-11.01479730.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/A+A/645/A113/table67 (Physical properties derived from dust continuum SEDs (tables 6 and 7))https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/645/A113/table67?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/645/A113/table67?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/645/A113/table67?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true107.90501-11.011210.0055555555555555565/5376 5378 5387 5409 9819 9843 9849 9851 9937 9939 9942 9948 9950 9972 9974-9975 9981 9983 6/20817 20820-20821 20823 20829 20831 21518 21537 21539-21540 21542 21545-21547 21633 21635 21644-21645 21650 39270-39271 39273 39275 39282 39288 39290 39361 39363-39366 39369 39371 39376 39384 39386 39393 39395 39401 39403 39408 39410 39416 39418 39761-39762 39789 39791 39804 39806 39892 39894-39895 39921-39923 39929 40610 40616 40618https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/A+A/645/A113?format=asciiRadiodefaultJ/A+A/645/A113/table4CO(2-1) ComponentsrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintNameLine of sight name (LoS) (GLLL.lll+BB.bbb)meta.id;spect.linecharComplex[1/5] Number of cloud along LoSmeta.numberintVlsr[0.3/106.0] Line of sight velocitykm/sphys.veloc;pos.lsrfloatWidth[0.1/3.1] Component emission widthkm/sspect.line.widthfloatTmax[0.1/22.0] Maximum temperatureKphys.temperaturefloate_Tmax[0.1/8.5] Maximum temperature uncertaintyKstat.errorfloataint[0.1/123.0] Integrated intensityK.km/sphot.flux.densityfloate_aint[0.2/77.0] Integrated intensity uncertaintyK.km/sstat.errorfloatrhel[0.4/11.6] Heliocentric distancekpcpos.distance;pos.heliocentricfloatrgal[8.5/16.4] Galactocentric distancekpcpos.distance;pos.galactocentricfloat_GlonRight Ascension (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.galactic.lon_GlatDeclination (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.galactic.lat_RA.icrsRight ascension (ICRS) (computed by VizieR, not part of the original data. The format may include more digits than the original data because of internal accuracy requirements in VizieR and across other CDS services)degpos.eq.ranullableindexed_DE.icrsDeclination (ICRS) (computed by VizieR, not part of the original data. The format may include more digits than the original data because of internal accuracy requirements in VizieR and across other CDS services)degpos.eq.decnullableindexedJ/A+A/645/A113/table5CO(2-1) clouds/complexesrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintNameLine of sight name (LoS) (GLLL.lll+BB.bbb)meta.id;spect.linecharComplex[1/5] Number of cloud along LoSmeta.numberintm_Complex[1/5] Number of componentsmeta.numberintVlsr[0.3/106.0] Line of sight velocitykm/sphys.veloc;pos.lsrfloatCwidth[1.0/49.6] Cloud emission widthkm/sspect.line.widthfloatTmax[0.1/22.0]? Maximum temperatureKphys.temperaturefloatnullablee_Tmax[0.1/8.5] Maximum temperature uncertaintyKstat.errorfloataintC[0.1/194.7]? Integrated intensityK.km/sphot.flux.densityfloatnullablee_aintC[0.1/46.6]? Integrated intensity uncertaintyK.km/sstat.errorfloatnullable_GlonRight Ascension (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.galactic.lon_GlatDeclination (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.galactic.lat_RA.icrsRight ascension (ICRS) (computed by VizieR, not part of the original data. The format may include more digits than the original data because of internal accuracy requirements in VizieR and across other CDS services)degpos.eq.ranullableindexed_DE.icrsDeclination (ICRS) (computed by VizieR, not part of the original data. The format may include more digits than the original data because of internal accuracy requirements in VizieR and across other CDS services)degpos.eq.decnullableindexedJ/A+A/645/A113/table67Physical properties derived from dust continuum SEDs (tables 6 and 7)recnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintNameSource name (GLLL.lll+BB.bbb)meta.id;meta.maincharGLON[225.01/260] Galactic longitude of peakdegpos.galactic.lonGLAT[-2.5/0.19] Galactic latitude of peakdegpos.galactic.latrhel[1.0/11.6] Heliocentric distancekpcpos.distance;pos.heliocentricfloatdapp[42.5/200] Apperture diameterarcsecphys.angSizefloatrfwhm[0.02/1.79] Linear source radiuspcphys.size.radiusfloatClassClassificationsrc.classcharTdust[9.69/41.3] Dust temperatureKphys.temperaturefloate_Tdust[0.1/8.31] Dust temperature uncertaintyKstat.errorfloattauOptical Depthphys.absorption.opticalDepthdoublee_tauDepth uncertaintystat.errordoubleLbol[0.08/24000] Bolometric luminositysolLumphys.luminositydoublee_Lbol[0.0/2800] Bolometric luminosity uncertaintysolLumstat.errordoubleMass[0.02/1700] MasssolMassphys.massdoublee_Mass[0.0/360] Mass uncertaintysolMassstat.error;phys.massdoubleNH2pH2 peak column densitycm**-2phys.columnDensity;stat.maxdoublee_NH2pH2 peak column density uncertaintycm**-2stat.errordoubleL/M[0.06/150] Luminosity-to-Mass ratiosolLum/solMassphys.composition.massLightRatiofloate_L/M[0.01/57] Luminosity-to-Mass ratio uncertaintysolLum/solMassstat.errorfloat_RA.icrsRight ascension (ICRS) (computed by VizieR, not part of the original data. The format may include more digits than the original data because of internal accuracy requirements in VizieR and across other CDS services)degpos.eq.ranullableindexed_DE.icrsDeclination (ICRS) (computed by VizieR, not part of the original data. The format may include more digits than the original data because of internal accuracy requirements in VizieR and across other CDS services)degpos.eq.decnullableindexed