J/A+A/644/A64ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/644/A64doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.36440064CDSDell'Ova P.Gusdorf A.Gerin M.Riquelme D.Gusten R.,Noriega-Crespo A.Tram L.N.Houde M.Guillard P.Lehmann A.,Lesaffre P.Louvet F.Marcowith A.Padovani M.2022-11-21T14:27:00Z2020-12-01T09:04:12ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frsupernova-remnantsinterstellar-mediumco-line-emissionSupernova remnants (SNRs) represent a major feedback source from stars in the interstellar medium of galaxies. During the latest stage of supernova explosions, shock waves produced by the initial blast modify the chemistry of gas and dust, inject kinetic energy into the surroundings, and may alter star formation characteristics. Simultaneously, gamma-ray emission is generated by the interaction between the ambient medium and cosmic rays (CRs), including those accelerated in the early stages of the explosion. We study the stellar and interstellar contents of IC443, an evolved shell-type SNR at a distance of 1.9kpc with an estimated age of 30kyr. We aim to measure the mass of the gas and characterize the nature of infrared point sources within the extended G region, which corresponds to the peak of gamma-ray emission detected by VERITAS and Fermi. We performed 10'x10' mapped observations of ^12^CO, ^13^CO J=1-0, J=2-1, and J=3-2 pure rotational lines, as well as C^18^O J=1-0 and J=2-1 obtained with the IRAM 30m and APEX telescopes over the extent of the gamma-ray peak to reveal the molecular structure of the region. We first compared our data with local thermodynamic equilibrium models. We estimated the optical depth of each line from the emission of the isotopologs ^13^CO and C^18^O. We used the population diagram and large velocity gradient assumption to measure the column density, mass, and kinetic temperature of the gas using ^12^CO and ^13^CO lines. We used complementary data (stars, gas, and dust at multiple wavelengths) and infrared point source catalogs to search for protostar candidates. Our observations reveal four molecular structures: a shocked molecular clump associated with emission lines extending between -31 and 16km/s, a quiescent, dark cloudlet associated with a line width of ~2km/s, a narrow ring-like structure associated with a line width of ~1.5km/s, and a shocked knot. We measured a total mass of ~230, ~90, ~210, and ~4M_{sun}_, respectively, for the cloudlet, ring-like structure, shocked clump, and shocked knot. We measured a mass of ~1100M_{sun}_ throughout the rest of the field of observations where an ambient cloud is detected. We found 144 protostar candidates in the region. Our results emphasize how the mass associated with the ring-like structure and the cloudlet cannot be overlooked when quantifying the interaction of CRs with the dense local medium. Additionally, the presence of numerous possible protostars in the region might represent a fresh source of CRs, which must also be taken into account in the interpretation of gamma-ray observations in this region.2020A&A...644A..64Dhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/A+A/644/A64CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toJ/A+A/279/541 : Sub-mm observations of SNR IC 443 (van Dishoeck+ 1993)J/ApJ/788/122 : IR photometry of YSO candidates toward SNR IC 443 (Su+, 2014)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/644/A64https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/644/A64http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/644/A64https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/644/A64https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/644/A64http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/644/A64GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/A+A/644/A64/list (List of datacubes)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/644/A64/list?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/644/A64/list?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/644/A64/list?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true94.1559622.58210.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/A+A/644/A64/tableg1 (Infrared photometric magnitudes of YSO candidates detected by WISE in the extended G region)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/644/A64/tableg1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/644/A64/tableg1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/644/A64/tableg1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true94.22887522.56766670.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/A+A/644/A64/tableg2 (Infrared photometric magnitudes of YSO candidates detected by 2MASS in the extended G region)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/644/A64/tableg2?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/644/A64/tableg2?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/644/A64/tableg2?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true94.088166722.62371390.0055555555555555566/239959.029279001593864e-21 1.7003137259100215e-19https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/A+A/644/A64?format=asciiRadiodefaultJ/A+A/644/A64/listList of datacubesbVRADLower value of VRAD intervalm/sphys.velocintrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintRAJ2000Right Ascension of center (J2000)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Declination of center (J2000)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainNxNumber of pixels along X-axismeta.numberintNyNumber of pixels along Y-axismeta.numberintNzNumber of pixels along Z-axismeta.numberintBVRADUpper value of VRAD intervalm/sphys.velocintdVRADVRAD resolutionm/sspect.resolutionfloatsizeSize of FITS fileKibytephys.size;meta.fitsintFileNameName of FITS file, in subdirectory fitsmeta.id;meta.fitscharTitleTitle of the FITS filemeta.title;meta.fitsJ/A+A/644/A64/tableg1Infrared photometric magnitudes of YSO candidates detected by WISE in the extended G regionSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintID[1/65] Sequential numbermeta.idintNameCatalog name (JHHMMSS.ss+DDMMSS.s)meta.id;meta.maincharW1magWise W1 (3.4um) magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.3-4umfloate_W1magWise W1 (3.4um) magnitude errormagstat.error;phot.magfloatW2magWise W2 (4.6um) magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.4-8umfloate_W2magWise W2 (4.6um) magnitude errormagstat.error;phot.magfloatW3magWise W3 (12um) magnitudemagphot.flux.density;em.IR.8-15umfloate_W3magWise W3 (12um) magnitude errormagstat.error;phot.magfloatW4magWise W4 (22um) magnitudemagphot.flux.density;em.IR.15-30umfloate_W4mag? Wise W4( 22um) magnitude errormagstat.error;phot.magfloatnullableLabelFigure 13 label (Class I or Class II) (1)meta.code.classcharalphaSpectral index alpha, {alpha}=dlog({lambda}F_{lambda}_)dlog{lambda}spect.indexfloatFlag[0/5] Flag (G1)meta.code.errorint_RAPosition from name (right ascension part)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEPosition from name (declination part)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainJ/A+A/644/A64/tableg2Infrared photometric magnitudes of YSO candidates detected by 2MASS in the extended G regione_Jmag2MASS J (1.25um) magnitude errormagstat.error;phot.magfloatrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintID[1/79] Sequential numbermeta.idintRAJ2000Right ascension (J2000)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Declination (J2000)pos.eq.dec;meta.mainJmag2MASS J (1.25um) magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.JfloatHmag2MASS H (1.65um) magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.Hfloate_Hmag2MASS H (1.65um) magnitude errormagstat.error;phot.magfloatKmag2MASS K (2.17um) magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.Kfloate_Kmag2MASS K (2.17um) magnitude errormagstat.error;phot.magfloatLabelFigure 13 label (YSO, CTTS or HAeBe)meta.code.classcharFlag[0/2] Flag (G1)meta.code.errorint