J/A+A/631/A125ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/631/A125doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.36310125CDSKiefer F.Hebrard G.Sahlmann J.Sousa S.G.Forveille T.Santos N.,Mayor M.Deleuil M.Wilson P.A.Dalal S.Diaz R.F.Henry G.W.,Hagelberg J.Hobson M.J.Demangeon O.Bourrier V.Delfosse X.,Arnold L.Astudillo-Defru N.Beuzit J.-L.Boisse I.Bonfils X.,Borgniet S.Bouchy F.Courcol B.Ehrenreich D.Hara N.Lagrange A.-M.,Lovis C.Montagnier G.Moutou C.Pepe F.Perrier C.Rey J.,Santerne A.Segransan D.Udry S.Vidal-Madjar A.2020-01-29T08:06:12Z2019-11-05T08:23:14ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frmultiple-starsbrown-dwarfsradial-velocityBrown-dwarfs (BD) are substellar objects with masses intermediate between planets and stars within about 13-80M_J_. While isolated brown-dwarfs are most likely produced by gravitational collapse in molecular clouds down to masses of a few M_J_, a nonnegligible fraction of low-mass companions might be formed through the planet formation channel in protoplanetary disks. The upper mass limit of objects formed within disks is still observationnally unknown, the main reason being the strong dearth of BD companions at orbital periods shorter than 10 years, a.k.a. the brown-dwarf desert. We aim at determining the best statistics of secondary companions within the 10-100M_Jup_ range within 10au from the primary star, while minimising observational bias. This can help determining the mass limit separating planet-formed from star-formed browndwarfs. Moreover, the exact shape of the BD desert in a mass-period space is still underdetermined, and can strongly constrain the companion-star interactions mechanisms at work in close binary systems at small mass ratio. We made an extensive use of the radial velocity (RV) surveys of FGK stars below 60 pc distance to the Sun and in the northern hemisphere performed with the SOPHIE spectrograph at Observatoire de Haute-Provence. We derived the Keplerian solutions of the RV variations of 54 sources. Public astrometric data of the Hipparcos and Gaia missions allowed deriving direct astrometric solution of orbital motion and constraining the mass of the companion for most sources. We introduce GASTON, a new method to derive inclination combining RVs Keplerian and astrometric excess noise from Gaia DR1. We report the discovery of 12 new BD candidates. For 5 of them, additional astrometric data led to revise their mass in the M-dwarf regime. Among the 7 remaining objects, 4 are confirmed BD companions, and 3 others are likely also in this mass regime. Moreover, we report the detection of 42 objects in the M-dwarf mass regime 90M_J_-0.52M_{sun}_. The resulting Msin i-P distribution of BD candidates shows a clear drop in the detection rate below 80-day orbital period. Above that limit, the BD desert reveals rather wet, with a uniform distribution of the Msin i. We derive a minimum BD-detection frequency around Solar-like stars of 2.0+/-0.5%.2019A&A...631A.125Khttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/A+A/631/A125CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicehttps://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/631/A125https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/631/A125http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/631/A125https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/631/A125https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/631/A125http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/631/A125GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/A+A/631/A125/tableb1 (Table of the 54 observed targets)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/631/A125/tableb1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/631/A125/tableb1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/631/A125/tableb1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true1.22400166734.6597941670.0055555555555555566/455 819 1184 2455 3988 4103 4114 4603 5758 5858 6207 6572 6632 7208 7612 7866 8084 8115 8643 8787 9274 9394 9776 10051 11198 11524 11958 12047 13016 13541 13922 13943 14305 15481 16046 16350 19329 19394 19808 19938 20440 23503 27004 27861 27936 28053 28067 28464 28496 32299 32345 32448 32459 32609https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/A+A/631/A125?format=asciidefaultJ/A+A/631/A125/tableb4*The summary of the FWHM and bissector span analysis for the 54 sources in our sample.recnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintNameStar namemeta.id;meta.maincharDatasetDataset, SOPHIE or SOPHIE+meta.datasetcharNptsNumber of pointsmeta.numberint<sigma>Mean velocity dispersionkm/sphys.veloc.dispersionfloat<FWHM>Mean FWHM of the CCFkm/sphys.angSize;stat.meanfloats_<FWHM>? Standard dispersion on FWHMkm/sphys.angSizefloatnullable<BIS>Mean bisector spankm/sphys.velocfloats_<BIS>? Standard dispersion on BISkm/sinstr.dispersionfloatnullablechi2FWHM? {chi}^2^ test of the "no-variation" null hypothesis for FHWMphys.angSizefloatnullablelogpFWHM? p-value of {chi}^2^ test for FHWMphys.angSizefloatnullableRp(FWHM-RV)? Pearson correlation coefficient R of FWHM with RVstat.correlationfloatnullablechi2BIS? {chi}^2^ test of the "no-variation" null hypothesis for BISmeta.notefloatnullablelogpBIS? p-value of {chi}^2^ test for BISstat.fit.chi2floatnullableRp(BIS-RV)? Pearson correlation coefficient R of BIS with RVstat.correlationfloatnullableJ/A+A/631/A125/tableb5*Table of orbital fits for the 11 single companions with Msini within 20-90M_Jup_, ordered by values of M2sinirecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintNameStar namemeta.id;meta.maincharPerPerioddtime.perioddoublee_Perrms uncertainty on Perdstat.errordoubleKSemi-amplitude velocity, Km/sphys.veloc;src.orbitaldoublee_Krms uncertainty on Velocity semi-amplitudem/sstat.errorfloateEccentricitysrc.orbital.eccentricitydoublee_e? rms uncertainty on Eccentricitystat.errordoublenullableomega? Periastron angle {omega}degsrc.orbital.periastrondoublenullablee_omega? rms uncertainty on omegadegstat.errorfloatnullableTpTime of passage at periastron, for objects with e=0, time of primary transit (Tp-2400000)dsrc.orbital.periastrondoublen_Tp[*] * when Tp is the time of primary transit (1)meta.notechare_Tprms uncertainty on Tpdstat.errordoubleGammaS+Center-of-mass velocity gamma from SOPHIE+ measurements (G1)km/sphys.veloc;pos.barycenterdoublee_GammaS+rms uncertainty on GammaS+km/sstat.errorfloatGammaS-? Center-of-mass velocity gamma from SOPHIE- measurements (G1)km/sphys.veloc;pos.barycenterdoublenullablee_GammaS-? rms uncertainty on GammaS-km/sstat.errorfloatnullablen_GammaS-[f] f for fixed (2)meta.notecharsO-CS+Residual O-C for SOPHIE+ measurements (G1)(3)m/sstat.fit.residualfloatsO-CS-? Residual O-C for SOPHIE- measurements (G1)(3)m/sstat.fit.residualfloatnullablef(m)Mass function1e-06solMassphys.massdoublee_f(m)rms uncertainty on Mass function1e-06solMassstat.errordoubleM2siniMass of companion, in Jupiter mass unit(1.898187x10+27kg)phys.massfloate_M2sinirms uncertainty on M2sini(1.898187x10+27kg)stat.errorfloata2Semi-major axis of companionAUphys.size.smajAxisfloate_a2rms uncertainty on a2AUstat.errorfloatJ/A+A/631/A125/tableb6*Table of orbital fits for the 40 single stellar companions in the M-dwarf regime with 90M_J_<Msini<0.52M_{sun}_, ordered by values of M2sinirecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintNameStar namemeta.id;meta.maincharPerPerioddtime.perioddoublee_Perrms uncertainty on Perdstat.errordoubleKSemi-amplitude velocity, Km/sphys.veloc;src.orbitaldoublee_Krms uncertainty on Velocity semi-amplitudem/sstat.errorfloateEccentricitysrc.orbital.eccentricitydoublee_e? rms uncertainty on Eccentricitystat.errordoublenullableomega? Periastron angle {omega}degsrc.orbital.periastrondoublenullablee_omega? rms uncertainty on omegadegstat.errorfloatnullableTpTime of passage at periastron, for objects with e=0, time of primary transit (Tp-2400000)dsrc.orbital.periastrondoublen_Tp[*] * when Tp is the time of primary transit (1)meta.notechare_Tprms uncertainty on Tpdstat.errordoubleGammaS+Center-of-mass velocity gamma from SOPHIE+ measurements (G1)km/sphys.veloc;pos.barycenterdoublee_GammaS+rms uncertainty on GammaS+km/sstat.errorfloatGammaS-? Center-of-mass velocity gamma from SOPHIE- measurements (G1)km/sphys.veloc;pos.barycenterdoublenullablee_GammaS-? rms uncertainty on GammaS-km/sstat.errorfloatnullablen_GammaS-[f] f for fixed (2)meta.notecharsO-CS+Residual O-C for SOPHIE+ measurements (G1)(3)m/sstat.fit.residualfloatsO-CS-? Residual O-C for SOPHIE- measurements (G1)(3)m/sstat.fit.residualfloatnullablef(m)Mass function1e-06solMassphys.massdoublee_f(m)rms uncertainty on Mass function1e-06solMassstat.errordoubleM2siniMass of companion, in Jupiter mass unit(1.898187x10+27kg)phys.massfloate_M2sinirms uncertainty on M2sini(1.898187x10+27kg)stat.errorfloata2Semi-major axis of companionAUphys.size.smajAxisfloate_a2rms uncertainty on a2AUstat.errorfloatJ/A+A/631/A125/tableb1Table of the 54 observed targetsrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintNameStar namemeta.id;meta.maincharRAJ2000Right ascension (J2000) from Simbadpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Declination (J2000) from Simbadpos.eq.dec;meta.mainVmagV magnitude from Simbadmagphot.mag;em.opt.VfloatB-VB-V colour index from Simbadmagphot.color;em.opt.B;em.opt.VfloatPlxAbsolute parallax from Gaia DR2 (Cat. I/345)maspos.parallaxfloate_Plxrms uncertainty on Plxmasstat.error;pos.parallaxfloatSpTypeSpectral type (from Simbad)src.spTypecharTimeSpanTime spandtime.intervaldoubleVCShow the Radial Velocity curvesmeta.ref.urlcharNtotTotal number of SOPHIE radial velocity measurementsmeta.numberintNSoph-Number of radial velocity measurements with SOPHIE- (in sophiem.dat file ) (G1)meta.numberintNSoph+Number of radial velocity measurements with SOPHIE+ (in sophiep.dat file ) (G1)meta.numberintNElodTotal number of radial velocity measurements with Elodie (in elodie.dat file)meta.numberintSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharJ/A+A/631/A125/tableb3Table of stellar parameters for the 54 stars in Table B1recnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintNameStar namemeta.id;meta.maincharTeffEffective temperatureKphys.temperature.effectiveinte_Teffrms uncertainty on TeffKstat.error;phys.temperature.effectiveintloggSurface gravitylog(cm**2.s**-1)phys.gravityfloate_loggrms uncertainty on logglog(cm**2.s**-1)stat.errorfloatvturbTurbulent velocitykm/sphys.veloc.microTurbfloate_vturbrms uncertainty on vturbkm/sstat.errorfloat[Fe/H]Metallicityphys.abund.Zfloate_[Fe/H]rms uncertainty on [Fe/H]stat.error;phys.abund.FefloatNFeINumber of FeI lines usedmeta.numberintNFeIINumber of FeII lines usedmeta.numberintMassStellar mass estimated using the Torres et al. (2010A&ARv..18...67T, Cat. J/other/A+ARV/18.67) empirical relationsolMassphys.massfloate_Massrms uncertainty on MasssolMassstat.error;phys.massfloatlogR'HKR'_HK_ activity indexphot.flux;arith.ratiofloate_logR'HKrms uncertainty on logR'HKstat.errorfloatvsiniRotational velocitykm/sphys.veloc.rotatfloate_vsini? rms uncertainty on vsinikm/sstat.error;phys.veloc.rotatfloatnullableJ/A+A/631/A125/tableb7Table of RV offsets and residues O-C for the supplementary datasets, from ELODIE, HIRES or available in the SB9 catalogueNameStar namemeta.id;meta.maincharsO-CS? SB9 residual O-Cm/sstat.fit.residualfloatnullablerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintgammaE? Elodie gamma velocitykm/sphys.veloc;pos.barycenterdoublenullablee_gammaE? rms uncertainty on gammaEkm/sstat.errorfloatnullablesO-CE? Elodie residual O-Cm/sstat.fit.residualfloatnullablen_sO-CE[*] *: Only one ELODIE RV measurementmeta.notechargammaH? HIRES center-of-mass velocity gammakm/sphys.veloc;pos.barycenterfloatnullablee_gammaH? rms uncertainty on gammaHkm/sstat.errorfloatnullablesO-CH? HIRES residual O-Cm/sstat.fit.residualfloatnullablegammaS? SB9 center-of-mass velocity gammakm/sphys.veloc;pos.barycenterdoublenullablee_gammaS? rms uncertainty on gammaSkm/sstat.errorfloatnullableJ/A+A/631/A125/sophiepSOPHIE+ Radial velocitiesrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintNameStar namemeta.id;meta.maincharBJDBarycentric Julian date (BJD-2400000)dtime.epochdoubleRVRadial velocitykm/sphys.veloc;pos.heliocentricdoublee_RVrms uncertainty on RVkm/sstat.errordoubleFWHMFWHMkm/sspect.line.widthdoubleContContrast (height of the CCF peak with respect to the baseline)stat.fit.paramdoubleBISBissector spankm/sphys.velocdoubleJ/A+A/631/A125/sophiemSOPHIE- radial velocitiesrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintNameStar namemeta.id;meta.maincharBJDBarycentric Julian date (BJD-2400000)dtime.epochdoubleRVRadial velocitykm/sphys.veloc;pos.heliocentricdoublee_RVrms uncertainty on RVkm/sstat.errordoubleFWHMFWHMkm/sspect.line.widthdoubleContContrast (height of the CCF peak with respect to the baseline)stat.fit.paramdoubleBISBissector spankm/sphys.velocdoubleJ/A+A/631/A125/elodieElodie radial velocitiesrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintNameStar namemeta.id;meta.maincharBJDBarycentric Julian date (BJD-2400000)dtime.epochdoubleRVRadial velocitykm/sphys.veloc;pos.heliocentricfloate_RVrms uncertainty on RVkm/sstat.errordouble