J/A+A/600/A20ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/600/A20doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.36000020CDSAlcala J.M.Manara C.F.Natta A.Frasca A.Testi L.Nisini B.,Stelzer B.Williams J.P.Antoniucci S.Biazzo K.Covino E.,Esposito M.Getman F.Rigliaco E.2020-07-16T07:21:21Z2017-10-13T15:27:35ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.fropen-star-clusterspre-main-sequence-starsyoung-stellar-objectsspectroscopyThe mass accretion rate, M_acc_, is a key quantity for the understanding of the physical processes governing the evolution of accretion discs around young low-mass (M_{star}_<=2.0M_{sun}_) stars and substellar objects (YSOs). We present here the results of a study of the stellar and accretion properties of the (almost) complete sample of class II and transitional YSOs in the Lupus I, II, III and IV clouds, based on spectroscopic data acquired with the VLT/X-shooter spectrograph. Our study combines the dataset from our previous work with new observations of 55 additional objects. We have investigated 92 YSO candidates in total, 11 of which have been definitely identified with giant stars unrelated to Lupus. The stellar and accretion properties of the 81 bona fide YSOs, which represent more than 90% of the whole class II and transition disc YSO population in the aforementioned Lupus clouds, have been homogeneously and self-consistently derived, allowing for an unbiased study of accretion and its relationship with stellar parameters. The accretion luminosity, L_acc_, increases with the stellar luminosity, L*, with an overall slope of ~1.6, similar but with a smaller scatter than in previous studies. There is a significant lack of strong accretors below L*~=0.1L_{sun}_, where L_acc_ is always lower than 0.01L*. We argue that the L_acc_-L* slope is not due to observational biases, but is a true property of the Lupus YSOs. The log M_acc_-logM* correlation shows a statistically significant evidence of a break, with a steeper relation for M*<=0.2M_{sun}_ and a flatter slope for higher masses. The bimodality of the M_acc_-M* relation is confirmed with four different evolutionary models used to derive the stellar mass. The bimodal behaviour of the observed relationship supports the importance of modelling self-gravity in the early evolution of the more massive discs, but other processes, such as photo-evaporation and planet formation during the YSO's lifetime, may also lead to disc dispersal on different timescales depending on the stellar mass. The sample studied here more than doubles the number of YSOs with homogeneously and simultaneously determined L_acc_ and luminosity, L_line_, of many permitted emission lines. Hence, we also refined the empirical relationships between L_acc_ and L_line_ on a more solid statistical basis.2017A&A...600A..20Ahttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/A+A/600/A20CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toJ/A+A/561/A2 : 36 accreting YSOs emission lines (Alcala+, 2014)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/600/A20https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/600/A20http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/600/A20https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/600/A20https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/600/A20http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/600/A20GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/A+A/600/A20/table1 (Observing log for the new sample)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/600/A20/table1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/600/A20/table1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/600/A20/table1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true234.86575-34.77150.0055555555555555565/10649 6/42595 42605 42609-42611 42614-42615 42621 42693 42704 42707 42713-42714 42727 42736 42738https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/A+A/600/A20?format=asciidefaultJ/A+A/600/A20/table1Observing log for the new samplerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintSample[OT] Sample (G1)src.samplecharObjectObject namemeta.id;meta.maincharONameOther namemeta.idcharRAJ2000Right ascension (J2000)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Declination (J2000)pos.eq.dec;meta.mainObsDateObservation datetime.epoch;obsnullableJD? Julian datedtime.epochdoublenullableTexpUVBUVB exposure timestime.duration;obs.exposurecharTexpVISVIS exposure timestime.duration;obs.exposurecharTexpNIRNIR exposure timestime.duration;obs.exposure;em.IR.NIRcharLupusLupus cloud numbermeta.idcharNotes[1/4]? Notes (2)meta.noteintnullableJ/A+A/600/A20/tablea23Confirmed YSOs of the total with spectral types, extinction, and physical parameters (table A2) and accretion properties (table A3)SimbadNameSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.idcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintSample[GNT] Sample (G1)src.samplecharObjectObject namemeta.id;meta.maincharSpTypeMK spectral typesrc.spTypecharTeffEffective temperatureKphys.temperature.effectiveinte_Teffrms uncertainty on TeffKstat.error;phys.temperature.effectiveintAVAbsorption in V bandmagphot.mag;em.opt.VfloatDistDistancepcpos.distance;pos.heliocentricintlogL*Stellar luminositylog(solLum)phys.luminosityfloate_logL*rms uncertainty on logL*log(solLum)stat.errorfloatR*Stellar radiussolRadphys.size.radiusfloate_R*rms uncertainty on R*solRadstat.errorfloatl_M*(B98)Limit flag on M*(B98)meta.code.errorcharM*(B98)? Stellar mass from B98solMassphys.massfloatnullablee_M*(B98)? rms uncertainty on M*(B98)solMassstat.errorfloatnullablel_M*(B15)Limit flag on M*(B15)meta.code.errorcharM*(B15)? Stellar mass from B15solMassphys.massfloatnullablee_M*(B15)? rms uncertainty on M*(B15)solMassstat.errorfloatnullableM*(DM97)? Stellar mass from DM97solMassphys.massfloatnullablee_M*(DM97)? rms uncertainty on M*(DM97)solMassstat.errorfloatnullablel_M*(DM97)Limit flag on M*(DM97)meta.code.errorcharM*(S00)? Stellar mass from S00solMassphys.massfloatnullablee_M*(S00)? rms uncertainty on M*(S00)solMassstat.errorfloatnullableNotesNotes (2)meta.notecharTemplateTemplatemeta.notecharl_logLaccLimit flag on Laccmeta.code.errorcharlogLaccAccretion luminositylog(solLum)phys.luminosityfloatl_logdMacc/dt(B98)Limt flag on logdMacc/dt(B98)meta.code.errorcharlogdMacc/dt(B98)? Accretion mass loss from B98log(solLum)phys.mass.lossfloatnullablel_logdMacc/dt(B15)Limt flag on logdMacc/dt(B15)meta.code.errorcharlogdMacc/dt(B15)? Accretion mass loss from B15log(solLum)phys.mass.lossfloatnullablel_logdMacc/dt(DM98)Limt flag on logdMacc/dt(DM98)meta.code.errorcharlogdMacc/dt(DM98)? Accretion mass loss from DM98log(solLum)phys.mass.lossfloatnullablel_logdMacc/dt(S00)Limt flag on logdMacc/dt(S00)meta.code.errorcharlogdMacc/dt(S00)? Accretion mass loss from S00log(solLum)phys.mass.lossfloatnullableNote[abc] Note (2)meta.notecharJ/A+A/600/A20/tablee1Extinction-corrected fluxes and equivalent widths of Balmer lines for the new sample: H{alpha} to H{epsilon}recnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintObjectObject namemeta.id;meta.maincharn_ObjectNote (G2)meta.notecharFHa? H{alpha} fluxmW.m**-2phot.flux;em.line.Halphadoublenullablee_FHa? rms uncertainty on FHamW.m**-2stat.errordoublenullableEWHa? H{alpha} equivalent widthnmspect.line.eqWidth;em.line.Halphafloatnullablee_EWHa? rms uncertainty on EWHanmstat.errorfloatnullableFHb? H{beta} fluxmW.m**-2phot.flux;em.line.Hbeta;spect.linedoublenullablee_FHb? rms uncertainty on FHbmW.m**-2stat.errordoublenullableEWHb? H{beta} equivalent widthnmspect.line.eqWidth;em.line.Hbetafloatnullablee_EWHb? rms uncertainty on EWHbnmstat.errorfloatnullableFHg? H{gamma} fluxmW.m**-2phot.flux;em.line.Hgamma;spect.linedoublenullablee_FHg? rms uncertainty on FHgmW.m**-2stat.errordoublenullableEWHg? H{gamma} equivalent widthnmspect.line.eqWidth;em.line.Hgammafloatnullablee_EWHg? rms uncertainty on EWHgnmstat.errorfloatnullableFHd? H{delta} fluxmW.m**-2phot.flux;em.line.Hdelta;spect.linedoublenullablee_FHd? rms uncertainty on FHdmW.m**-2stat.errordoublenullableEWHd? H{delta} equivalent widthnmspect.line.eqWidth;em.line.Hdeltafloatnullablee_EWHd? rms uncertainty on EWHdnmstat.errorfloatnullablel_FHeLimit flag on FHemeta.code.errorcharFHe? H{epsilon} fluxmW.m**-2phot.fluxdoublenullablee_FHe? rms uncertainty on FHemW.m**-2stat.errordoublenullableEWHe? H{epsilon} equivalent widthmW.m**-2spect.line.eqWidthfloatnullablee_EWHe? rms uncertainty on EWHemW.m**-2stat.errorfloatnullableJ/A+A/600/A20/tablee2Extinction-corrected fluxes and equivalent widths of Balmer lines: H8 to H11ObjectObject namemeta.id;meta.maincharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintn_ObjectNote (G2)meta.notecharl_FH8Limit flag on H8meta.code.errorcharFH8? H8 fluxmW.m**-2phot.fluxdoublenullablee_FH8? rms uncertainty on FH8mW.m**-2stat.errordoublenullableEWH8? H8 equivalent widthnmspect.line.eqWidthfloatnullablee_EWH8? rms uncertainty on EWH8nmstat.errorfloatnullablel_FH9Limit flag on H9meta.code.errorcharFH9? H9 fluxmW.m**-2phot.fluxdoublenullablee_FH9? rms uncertainty on FH9mW.m**-2stat.errordoublenullableEWH9? H9 equivalent widthnmspect.line.eqWidthfloatnullablee_EWH9? rms uncertainty on EWH9nmstat.errorfloatnullablel_FH10Limit flag on FH10meta.code.errorcharFH10? H10 fluxmW.m**-2phot.fluxdoublenullablee_FH10? rms uncertainty on FH10mW.m**-2stat.errordoublenullableEWH10? H10 equivalent widthnmspect.line.eqWidthfloatnullablee_EWH10? rms uncertainty on EWH10nmstat.errorfloatnullablel_FH11Limit flag on FH11meta.code.errorcharFH11? H11 fluxmW.m**-2phot.fluxdoublenullablee_FH11? rms uncertainty on FH11mW.m**-2stat.errordoublenullableEWH11? H11 equivalent widthnmspect.line.eqWidthfloatnullablee_EWH11? rms uncertainty on EWH11nmstat.errorfloatnullableJ/A+A/600/A20/tablee3Extinction-corrected fluxes and equivalent widths of Balmer lines: H12 to H15recnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintObjectObject namemeta.id;meta.maincharn_ObjectNote (G2)meta.notecharl_FH12Limit flag on H12meta.code.errorcharFH12? H12 fluxmW.m**-2phot.fluxdoublenullablee_FH12? rms uncertainty on FH12mW.m**-2stat.errordoublenullableEWH12? H12 equivalent widthnmspect.line.eqWidthfloatnullablee_EWH12? rms uncertainty on EWH12nmstat.errorfloatnullablel_FH13Limit flag on H13meta.code.errorcharFH13? H13 fluxmW.m**-2phot.fluxdoublenullablee_FH13? rms uncertainty on FH13mW.m**-2stat.errordoublenullableEWH13? H13 equivalent widthnmspect.line.eqWidthfloatnullablee_EWH13? rms uncertainty on EWH13nmstat.errorfloatnullablel_FH14Limit flag on FH14meta.code.errorcharFH14? H14 fluxmW.m**-2phot.fluxdoublenullablee_FH14? rms uncertainty on FH14mW.m**-2stat.errordoublenullableEWH14? H14 equivalent widthnmspect.line.eqWidthfloatnullablee_EWH14? rms uncertainty on EWH14nmstat.errorfloatnullablel_FH15Limit flag on FH15meta.code.errorcharFH15? H15 fluxmW.m**-2phot.fluxdoublenullablee_FH15? rms uncertainty on FH15mW.m**-2stat.errordoublenullableEWH15? H15 equivalent widthnmspect.line.eqWidthfloatnullablee_EWH15? rms uncertainty on EWH15nmstat.errorfloatnullableJ/A+A/600/A20/tablee4Extinction-corrected fluxes and equivalent widths of Paschen lines: Pa{beta} to Pa8e_EWPa8? rms uncertainty on EWPa8nmstat.errorfloatnullablerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintObjectObject namemeta.id;meta.maincharn_ObjectNote (G2)meta.notecharl_FPabLimit flag on Pabmeta.code.errorcharFPab? Pa{beta} fluxmW.m**-2phot.fluxdoublenullablee_FPab? rms uncertainty on FPabmW.m**-2stat.errordoublenullableEWPab? Pa{beta} equivalent widthnmspect.line.eqWidthfloatnullablee_EWPab? rms uncertainty on EWPabnmstat.errorfloatnullablel_FPagLimit flag on Pagmeta.code.errorcharFPag? Pa{gamma} fluxmW.m**-2phot.fluxdoublenullablee_FPag? rms uncertainty on FPagmW.m**-2stat.errordoublenullableEWPag? Pa{gamma} equivalent widthnmspect.line.eqWidthfloatnullablee_EWPag? rms uncertainty on EWPagnmstat.errorfloatnullablel_FPadLimit flag on FPadmeta.code.errorcharFPad? Pa{delta} fluxmW.m**-2phot.fluxdoublenullablee_FPad? rms uncertainty on FPadmW.m**-2stat.errordoublenullableEWPad? Pa{delta} equivalent widthnmspect.line.eqWidthfloatnullablee_EWPad? rms uncertainty on EWPadnmstat.errorfloatnullablel_FPa8Limit flag on FPa8meta.code.errorcharFPa8? Pa8 fluxmW.m**-2phot.fluxdoublenullablee_FPa8? rms uncertainty on FPa8mW.m**-2stat.errordoublenullableEWPa8? Pa8 equivalent widthnmspect.line.eqWidthfloatnullableJ/A+A/600/A20/tablee5Extinction-corrected fluxes and equivalent widths of Pa9, Pa10, and Br{gamma}recnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintObjectObject namemeta.id;meta.maincharn_ObjectNote (G2)meta.notecharl_FPa9Limit flag on Pa9meta.code.errorcharFPa9? Pa9 fluxmW.m**-2phot.fluxdoublenullablee_FPa9? rms uncertainty on FPa9mW.m**-2stat.errordoublenullableEWPa9? Pa9 equivalent widthnmspect.line.eqWidthfloatnullablee_EWPa9? rms uncertainty on EWPa9nmstat.errorfloatnullablel_FPa10Limit flag on Pa10meta.code.errorcharFPa10? Pa10 fluxmW.m**-2phot.fluxdoublenullablee_FPa10? rms uncertainty on FPa10mW.m**-2stat.errordoublenullableEWPa10? Pa10 equivalent widthnmspect.line.eqWidthfloatnullablee_EWPa10? rms uncertainty on EWPa10nmstat.errorfloatnullablel_FBrgLimit flag on FBrgmeta.code.errorcharFBrg? Br{gamma} fluxmW.m**-2phot.fluxdoublenullablee_FBrg? rms uncertainty on FBrgmW.m**-2stat.errordoublenullableEWBrg? Br{gamma} equivalent widthnmspect.line.eqWidthfloatnullablee_EWBrg? rms uncertainty on EWBrgnmstat.errorfloatnullableJ/A+A/600/A20/tablee6Extinction-corrected fluxes and equivalent widths of helium linesl_FHe4Limit flag on FHe4meta.code.errorcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintObjectObject namemeta.id;meta.maincharn_ObjectNote (G2)meta.notecharl_FHe1Limit flag on He1meta.code.errorcharFHe1? He (402.6nm) fluxmW.m**-2phot.fluxdoublenullablee_FHe1? rms uncertainty on FHe1mW.m**-2stat.errordoublenullableEWHe1? He (402.6nm) equivalent widthnmspect.line.eqWidthfloatnullablee_EWHe1? rms uncertainty on EWHe1nmstat.errorfloatnullablel_FHe2Limit flag on He2meta.code.errorcharFHe2? He (447.1nm) fluxmW.m**-2phot.fluxdoublenullablee_FHe2? rms uncertainty on FHe2mW.m**-2stat.errordoublenullableEWHe2? He (447.1nm) equivalent widthnmspect.line.eqWidthfloatnullablee_EWHe2? rms uncertainty on EWHe2nmstat.errorfloatnullablel_FHe3Limit flag on He3meta.code.errorcharFHe3? He (471.3nm) fluxmW.m**-2phot.fluxdoublenullablee_FHe3? rms uncertainty on FHe3mW.m**-2stat.errordoublenullableEWHe3? He (471.3nm) equivalent widthnmspect.line.eqWidthfloatnullablee_EWHe3? rms uncertainty on EWHe3nmstat.errorfloatnullableFHe4? He (501.6nm) fluxmW.m**-2phot.fluxdoublenullablee_FHe4? rms uncertainty on FHe4mW.m**-2stat.errordoublenullableEWHe4? He (501.6nm) equivalent widthnmspect.line.eqWidthfloatnullablee_EWHe4? rms uncertainty on EWHe4nmstat.errorfloatnullablel_FHe5Limit flag on FHe5meta.code.errorcharFHe5? He (587.6nm) fluxmW.m**-2phot.fluxdoublenullablee_FHe5? rms uncertainty on FHe5mW.m**-2stat.errordoublenullableEWHe5? He (587.6nm) equivalent widthnmspect.line.eqWidthfloatnullablee_EWHe5? rms uncertainty on EWHe5nmstat.errorfloatnullableJ/A+A/600/A20/tablee7Extinction-corrected fluxes and equivalent widths of helium linesl_FHe8Limit flag on He8meta.code.errorcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintObjectObject namemeta.id;meta.maincharn_ObjectNote (G2)meta.notecharl_FHe6Limit flag on He6meta.code.errorcharFHe6? HeI (667.8nm) fluxmW.m**-2phot.fluxdoublenullablee_FHe6? rms uncertainty on FHe6mW.m**-2stat.errordoublenullableEWHe6? HeI (667.8nm) equivalent widthnmspect.line.eqWidthfloatnullablee_EWHe6? rms uncertainty on EWHe6nmstat.errorfloatnullablel_FHe7Limit flag on He7meta.code.errorcharFHe7? HeI (706.5nm) fluxmW.m**-2phot.fluxdoublenullablee_FHe7? rms uncertainty on FHe7mW.m**-2stat.errordoublenullableEWHe7? HeI (706.5nm) equivalent widthnmspect.line.eqWidthfloatnullablee_EWHe7? rms uncertainty on EWHe7nmstat.errorfloatnullableFHe8? HeI + FeI (492.2nm) fluxmW.m**-2phot.fluxdoublenullablee_FHe8? rms uncertainty on FHe8mW.m**-2stat.errordoublenullableEWHe8? HeI + FeI (92.23nm) equivalent widthnmspect.line.eqWidthfloatnullablee_EWHe8? rms uncertainty on EWHe8nmstat.errorfloatnullablel_FHe9Limit flag on FHe9meta.code.errorcharFHe9? HeII (468.5nm) fluxmW.m**-2phot.fluxdoublenullablee_FHe9? rms uncertainty on FHe9mW.m**-2stat.errordoublenullableEWHe9? HeII (468.5nm) equivalent widthnmspect.line.eqWidthfloatnullablee_EWHe9? rms uncertainty on EWHe9nmstat.errorfloatnullableJ/A+A/600/A20/tablee8Extinction-corrected fluxes and equivalent widths of CaII H and K and IRT linesn_ObjectNote (G2)meta.notecharObjectObject namemeta.id;meta.maincharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintl_FCa1Limit flag on Ca1meta.code.errorcharFCa1? CaII (393.4nm) fluxmW.m**-2phot.fluxdoublenullablee_FCa1? rms uncertainty on FCa1mW.m**-2stat.errordoublenullableEWCa1? CaII (393.4nm) equivalent widthnmspect.line.eqWidthfloatnullablee_EWCa1? rms uncertainty on EWCa1nmstat.errorfloatnullableFCa2? CaII (396.8nm) fluxmW.m**-2phot.fluxdoublenullablee_FCa2? rms uncertainty on FCa2mW.m**-2stat.errordoublenullableEWCa2? CaII (396.8nm) equivalent widthnmspect.line.eqWidthfloatnullablee_EWCa2? rms uncertainty on EWCa2nmstat.errorfloatnullablel_FCa3Limit flag on Ca3meta.code.errorcharFCa3? CaII (849.8nm) fluxmW.m**-2phot.fluxdoublenullablee_FCa3? rms uncertainty on FCa3mW.m**-2stat.errordoublenullableEWCa3? CaII (849.8nm) equivalent widthnmspect.line.eqWidthfloatnullablee_EWCa3? rms uncertainty on EWCa3nmstat.errorfloatnullableFCa4? CaII (854.2nm) fluxmW.m**-2phot.fluxdoublenullablee_FCa4? rms uncertainty on FCa4mW.m**-2stat.errordoublenullableEWCa4? CaII (854.2nm) equivalent widthnmspect.line.eqWidthfloatnullablee_EWCa4? rms uncertainty on EWCa4nmstat.errorfloatnullablel_FCa5Limit flag on FCa5meta.code.errorcharFCa5? CaII (866.2nm) fluxmW.m**-2phot.fluxdoublenullablee_FCa5? rms uncertainty on FCa5mW.m**-2stat.errordoublenullableEWCa5? CaII (866.2nm) equivalent widthnmspect.line.eqWidthfloatnullablee_EWCa5? rms uncertainty on EWCa5nmstat.errorfloatnullableJ/A+A/600/A20/tablee9Extinction-corrected fluxes and equivalent widths of the NaI D linesl_FNa2Limit lfag on FNa2meta.code.errorcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintObjectObject namemeta.id;meta.maincharn_ObjectNote (G2)meta.notecharl_FNa1Limit flag on Na1meta.code.errorcharFNa1? NaI (588.99nm) fluxmW.m**-2phot.fluxdoublenullablee_FNa1? rms uncertainty on FNa1mW.m**-2stat.errordoublenullableEWNa1? NaI (588.99nm) equivalent widthnmspect.line.eqWidthfloatnullablee_EWNa1? rms uncertainty on EWNa1nmstat.errorfloatnullableFNa2? NaI (589.59nm) fluxmW.m**-2phot.fluxdoublenullablee_FNa2? rms uncertainty on FNa2mW.m**-2stat.errordoublenullableEWNa2? NaI (589.59nm) equivalent widthnmspect.line.eqWidthfloatnullablee_EWNa2? rms uncertainty on EWNa2nmstat.errorfloatnullable