J/PASJ/71/6ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/PASJ/71/6doi:10.26093/cds/vizier/bj-27-6CDSHanaoka M.Kaneda H.Suzuki T.Kokusho T.Oyabu S.Ishihara D.,Kohno M.Furuta T.Tsuchikawa T.Saito F.2026-03-17T20:05:48Z2020-03-27T09:14:21ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frmilky-way-galaxygalaxy-planesinfrared-photometryGalactic infrared (IR) bubbles, which have shell-like structures in the mid-IR wavelengths, are known to contain massive stars near their centers. Infrared bubbles in inner Galactic regions (|l|<=65{deg}, |b|<=1{deg}) have so far been studied well to understand the massive star formation mechanisms. In this study, we expand the research area to the whole Galactic plane (0{deg}<=l<360{deg}, |b|<=5{deg}), using the AKARI all-sky survey data. We limit our study to large bubbles with angular radii of >1' to reliably identify and characterize them. For the 247 IR bubbles in total, we derived the radii and the covering fractions of the shells, based on the method developed by Y. Hattori et al. (2016PASJ...68...37H). We also created their spectral energy distributions, using the AKARI and Herschel photometric data, and decomposed them with a dust model to obtain the total IR luminosity and the luminosity of each dust component, i.e., polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), warm dust, and cold dust. As a result, we find that there are systematic differences in the IR properties of the bubbles between the inner and outer Galactic regions. The total IR luminosities are lower in outer Galactic regions, while there is no systematic difference in the range of the shell radii between inner and outer Galactic regions. More IR bubbles tend to be observed as broken bubbles rather than closed ones and the fractional luminosities of the PAH emission are significantly higher in outer Galactic regions. We discuss the implications of these results for the massive stars and the interstellar environments associated with the Galactic IR bubbles.2019PASJ...71....6Hhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/PASJ/71/6CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicehttps://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/PASJ/71/6https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/PASJ/71/6http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/PASJ/71/6https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/PASJ/71/6https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/PASJ/71/6http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/PASJ/71/6GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/PASJ/71/6/table2 (Summary of the central positions, radii, distances, and covering fractions of the IR bubbles)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/PASJ/71/6/table2?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/PASJ/71/6/table2?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/PASJ/71/6/table2?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true272.76242-19.861120.0055555555555555565/7605 6/1811 1814 1848 1956 3058 3070 3156 3268-3269 3290 3309 3630 3648-3649 3750 3760 12970 12975 13050 14063 14255 14285 14293 14296 14299-14300 14306 14308 14321 14354-14355 14358 14365 14402-14403 14409 14419 14430 14453 14624 14628 14641 14655 14682-14683 14686 14689 14692 14697 14704 14706 14709 14712 14719 14784 15369 15390 15409 15429 15435 15458 15479 15629 15636 15642 15646 20849 21510 21519 21643 21657 21669 21671 21677 22038 22041 22122 22208 22210 23645 23766 23980 23982 24325 24378 24496 24499 24554 28803 28808 28814 28828 28831 28891-28892 28894 28900-28901 28912-28913 28915-28916 28918-28919 29090-29092 29095 29101-29102 29114-29115 29118-29119 29459 29466-29467 29505 29508 29515 29534-29535 30218-30219 30244-30245 30251 30256 30258-30259 30262 30269 30271 30312-30313 30317-30318 30328-30330 30341 30405 30416 30425 30428 30595 30602 30604-30605 30617-30619 30622 30624 30688 30694 30712 30715 30717 30719 37239 37343 37363 37365-37366 37368 37371 37713 37716 37719 37733 37750 37837 37839 37846 37850 37852 37883 37886 37889 37891 37895-37897 37901-37902 37921 37923 37926 37934 37938 38018 38026 39249-39250 39257 39273 39283 39317 39386 39408 39804 40618 41598 41651 41655 41671 41676 41678 41682-41683 41706 41733 41756 41759 41765 41770 41772 41780 41782 41812-41814 41820 42159 42169 42190 42207 42214 42218 42224 42230 42371 42379 42382 42387 42390 42392 42396 42439-42441 42449 42457 42460-42462 42497 42561 43019 430493.972891411717791e-23 2.856455625839913e-20https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/PASJ/71/6?format=asciiInfrareddefaultJ/PASJ/71/6/table2Summary of the central positions, radii, distances, and covering fractions of the IR bubblesSimbadNameSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.idcharNameNamemeta.id;meta.maincharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintGLONGalactic longitudedegpos.galactic.lonGLATGalactic latitudedegpos.galactic.latRadRadiusarcminphys.angSizefloatDist? Distancekpcpos.distance;pos.heliocentricfloatnullablee_Dist? rms uncertainty in Distkpcstat.errorfloatnullablen_Dist[+] + when the nearer kinematic distance is adoptedmeta.notecharr_DistDistance reference (1)meta.ref;pos.framecharDGal? Galactocentric distancekpcpos.distancefloatnullablee_DGal? rms uncertainty on galactocentric distancekpcstat.error;pos.distance;pos.galactocentricfloatnullableR? Linear radiuspcphys.size.radiusfloatnullableCFCovering fractionstat.fit.paramfloat_RA.icrsRight ascension (ICRS) (computed by VizieR, not part of the original data. The format may include more digits than the original data because of internal accuracy requirements in VizieR and across other CDS services)degpos.eq.ranullableindexed_DE.icrsDeclination (ICRS) (computed by VizieR, not part of the original data. The format may include more digits than the original data because of internal accuracy requirements in VizieR and across other CDS services)degpos.eq.decnullableindexedJ/PASJ/71/6/table3*Summary of the aperture-corrected flux densities of the IR bubbles obtained by aperture photometryNoteNote (1)meta.notecharNameNamemeta.id;meta.maincharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintF9umAKARI IRC flux at 9umJyphot.flux.density;em.IR.8-15umdoublee_F9umAKARI IRC flux at 9um errorJystat.errordoubleF18umAKARI IRC flux at 18umJyphot.flux.density;em.IR.15-30umdoublee_F18umAKARI IRC flux at 18um errorJystat.errordoubleF65umAKARI FIS flux at 65umJyphot.flux.density;em.IR.30-60umdoublee_F65umAKARI FIS flux at 65um errorJystat.errordoubleF90umAKARI FIS flux at 90umJyphot.flux.density;em.IR.60-100umdoublee_F90umAKARI FIS flux at 90um errorJystat.errordoubleF140umAKARI FIS flux at 140umJyphot.flux.density;em.mm.1500-3000GHzdoublee_F140umAKARI FIS flux at 140um errorJystat.errordoubleF160umAAKARI FIS flux at 160umJyphot.flux.density;em.mm.1500-3000GHzdoublee_F160umAAKARI FIS flux at 160um errorJystat.errordoubleF70um? Herschel PACS flux at 70umJyphot.flux.density;em.IR.30-60umdoublenullablee_F70um? Herschel PACS flux at 70um errorJystat.errordoublenullableF160umH? Herschel PACS flux at 160umJyphot.flux.density;em.mm.1500-3000GHzdoublenullablee_F160umH? Herschel PACS flux at 160um errorJystat.errordoublenullableF250um? Herschel SPIRE flux at 250umJyphot.flux.density;em.mm.750-1500GHzdoublenullablee_F250um? Herschel SPIRE flux at 250um errorJystat.errordoublenullableF350um? Herschel SPIRE flux at 350umJyphot.flux.density;em.mm.750-1500GHzdoublenullablee_F350um? Herschel SPIRE flux at 350um errorJystat.errordoublenullableF500um? Herschel SPIRE flux at 5000umJyphot.flux.density;em.mm.400-750GHzdoublenullablee_F500um? Herschel SPIRE flux at 5000um errorJystat.errordoublenullableJ/PASJ/71/6/table4Summary of the luminosities of the IR bubbles obtained by the SED fittingrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintNameNamemeta.id;meta.maincharlogLTIR? TIR luminositylog(solLum)phys.luminosity;em.IRfloatnullablee_logLTIR? TIR luminosity errorlog(solLum)stat.errorfloatnullablelog(LPAH/LTIR)PAH-to-TIR luminosity ratiophys.luminosity;arith.ratiofloate_log(LPAH/LTIR)PAH-to-TIR luminosity ratio errorstat.errorfloatlog(Lwarm/LTIR)Warm-to-TIR luminosity ratiophys.luminosity;arith.ratiofloate_log(Lwarm/LTIR)Warm-to-TIR luminosity ratio errorstat.errorfloatlog(Lcold/LTIR)Cold-to-TIR luminosity ratiophys.luminosity;arith.ratiofloate_log(Lcold/LTIR)Cold-to-TIR luminosity ratio errorstat.errorfloat