J/other/RAA/23.Hivo://CDS.VizieR/J/other/RAA/23.H5017CDSAlthukair A.K.Tsiklauri D.2023-11-16T12:42:08Z2023-11-16T13:41:06ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frdwarf-starseffective-temperaturestellar-radiivisible-astronomyWe wrote and used an automated flare detection Python script to search for super-flares on main sequence stars of types A, F, G, K and M in Kepler's long-cadence data from Q0 to Q17. We studied the statistical properties of the occurrence rate of super-flares. For the G-type data set, we compared our results with the previous results of Okamoto et al. by splitting the data set into four rotational bands. We found similar power-law indices for the flare frequency distribution. Hence, we show that inclusion of a high-pass filter, sample biases, gyrochronology and completeness of flare detection is of no significance, as our results are similar to those of Okamoto et al. We estimated that a super-flare on G-type dwarfs with energy of 1035 erg occurs on a star once every 4360yr. We found 4637 super-flares on 1896 G-type dwarfs. Moreover, we identified 321, 1125, 4538 and 5445 super-flares on 136, 522, 770 and 312 dwarfs of types A, F, K and M, respectively. We ascertained that the occurrence rate (dN/dE) of super-flares versus flare energy, E, shows a power-law distribution with dN/dE{prop.to}E^-{alpha}^, where {alpha}~2.0 to 2.1 for the spectral types from F-type to M-type stars. In contrast, the obtained {alpha}~1.3 for A-type stars suggests that the flare conditions differ from those of the other spectral-type stars. We note an increase in flare incidence rate in F-type to M-type stars and a decrease in A-type to F-type stars.2023RAA....23h5017Ahttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/other/RAA/23.H5017CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toV/133 : Kepler Input Catalog (Kepler Mission Team, 2009)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/other/RAA/23.H5017https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/other/RAA/23.H5017http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/other/RAA/23.H5017https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/other/RAA/23.H5017https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/other/RAA/23.H5017http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/other/RAA/23.H5017GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/other/RAA/23.H5017/atype (Parameters of super-flare stars, A-type)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/other/RAA/23.H5017/atype?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/other/RAA/23.H5017/atype?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/other/RAA/23.H5017/atype?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true291.1063836.79230890.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/other/RAA/23.H5017/ftype (Parameters of super-flare stars, F-type)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/other/RAA/23.H5017/ftype?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/other/RAA/23.H5017/ftype?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/other/RAA/23.H5017/ftype?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true291.4707336.72758110.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/other/RAA/23.H5017/gtype (Parameters of super-flare stars, G-type)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/other/RAA/23.H5017/gtype?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/other/RAA/23.H5017/gtype?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/other/RAA/23.H5017/gtype?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true291.1964736.66838110.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/other/RAA/23.H5017/ktype (Parameters of super-flare stars, K-type)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/other/RAA/23.H5017/ktype?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/other/RAA/23.H5017/ktype?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/other/RAA/23.H5017/ktype?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true291.1417236.64831190.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/other/RAA/23.H5017/mtype (Parameters of super-flare stars, M-type)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/other/RAA/23.H5017/mtype?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/other/RAA/23.H5017/mtype?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/other/RAA/23.H5017/mtype?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true291.0636636.99430810.0055555555555555564/922-923 933-935 944-946 5/3645-3647 3683 3704 3706 3729-3731 3760 3765 3788-3789 3792-3793 6/14559 14567 14573 14575 14577-14579 14730-14731 14738 14744 14746-14747 14749-14751 14792 14794-14795 14822 14828 14830-14831 14914-14915 15044-15045 15057 15059 15160-15161 15176-15178 15200 15202 15232-15233https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/other/RAA/23.H5017?format=asciiOpticaldefaultJ/other/RAA/23.H5017/atypeParameters of super-flare stars, A-typerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintKICKepler idmeta.id;meta.mainintRAJ2000Right ascension (J2000)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Declination (J2000)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainTeffEffective temperatureKphys.temperature.effectiveintloggSurface gravitylog(cm.s**-1)phys.gravityfloatRadRadiussolRadphys.angSize;srcfloatkicDisplay the KIC (Cat. V/133) datameta.ref.urlcharJ/other/RAA/23.H5017/ftypeParameters of super-flare stars, F-typerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintKICKepler idmeta.id;meta.mainintRAJ2000Right ascension (J2000)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainindexedDEJ2000Declination (J2000)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainindexedTeffEffective temperatureKphys.temperature.effectiveintloggSurface gravitylog(cm.s**-1)phys.gravityfloatRadRadiussolRadphys.angSize;srcfloatkicDisplay the KIC (Cat. V/133) datameta.ref.urlcharJ/other/RAA/23.H5017/gtypeParameters of super-flare stars, G-typerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintKICKepler idmeta.id;meta.mainintRAJ2000Right ascension (J2000)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainindexedDEJ2000Declination (J2000)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainindexedTeffEffective temperatureKphys.temperature.effectiveintloggSurface gravitylog(cm.s**-1)phys.gravityfloatRadRadiussolRadphys.angSize;srcfloatkicDisplay the KIC (Cat. V/133) datameta.ref.urlcharJ/other/RAA/23.H5017/ktypeParameters of super-flare stars, K-typerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintKICKepler idmeta.id;meta.mainintRAJ2000Right ascension (J2000)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainindexedDEJ2000Declination (J2000)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainindexedTeffEffective temperatureKphys.temperature.effectiveintloggSurface gravitylog(cm.s**-1)phys.gravityfloatRadRadiussolRadphys.angSize;srcfloatkicDisplay the KIC (Cat. V/133) datameta.ref.urlcharJ/other/RAA/23.H5017/mtypeParameters of super-flare stars, M-typerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintKICKepler idmeta.id;meta.mainintRAJ2000Right ascension (J2000)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Declination (J2000)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainTeffEffective temperatureKphys.temperature.effectiveintloggSurface gravitylog(cm.s**-1)phys.gravityfloatRadRadiussolRadphys.angSize;srcfloatkicDisplay the KIC (Cat. V/133) datameta.ref.urlcharJ/other/RAA/23.H5017/asupFlare events detected in this work, A-typerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintKICKepler idmeta.id;meta.mainintQQuartermeta.idintFstartTimeStart flare time (BJD-2454833)dtime.epochdoubleFendTimeEnd flare time (BJD-2454833)dtime.epochdoubleFPeakTimePeak flare tine (BJD-2454833)dtime.epochdoubleEEnergy1e-07Jphys.energydoubleTeffEffective temperatureKphys.temperature.effectiveintRadRadiussolMassphys.angSize;srcfloatloggSurface gravitylog(cm.s**-2)phys.gravityfloatAmpFlare amplitudedsrc.var.amplitudedoubleDurFlare durationdtime.durationdoubleTstartTime start (BJD-2400000)dtime.startdoubleTendTime end (BJD-2400000)dtime.enddoubleTpeakTime peak (BJD-2400000)dtime.epochdoubleExclud[FALSE/TRUE ] Excludedmeta.codecharJ/other/RAA/23.H5017/fsupFlare events detected in this work, F-typerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintKICKepler idmeta.id;meta.mainintQQuartermeta.idintFstartTimeStart flare time (BJD-2454833)dtime.epochdoubleFendTimeEnd flare time (BJD-2454833)dtime.epochdoubleFPeakTimePeak flare tine (BJD-2454833)dtime.epochdoubleEEnergy1e-07Jphys.energydoubleExclud[FALSE/TRUE ] Excludedmeta.codecharTeffEffective temperatureKphys.temperature.effectiveintRadRadiussolMassphys.angSize;srcfloatloggSurface gravitylog(cm.s**-2)phys.gravityfloatAmpFlare amplitudedsrc.var.amplitudedoubleDurFlare durationdtime.durationdoubleTstartTime start (BJD-2400000)dtime.startdoubleTendTime end (BJD-2400000)dtime.enddoubleTpeakTime peak (BJD-2400000)dtime.epochdoubleJ/other/RAA/23.H5017/gsupFlare events detected in this work, G-typerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintKICKepler idmeta.id;meta.mainintQQuartermeta.idintFstartTimeStart flare time (BJD-2454833)dtime.epochdoubleFendTimeEnd flare time (BJD-2454833)dtime.epochdoubleFPeakTimePeak flare tine (BJD-2454833)dtime.epochdoubleEEnergy1e-07Jphys.energydoubleExclud[FALSE/TRUE ] Excludedmeta.codecharTeffEffective temperatureKphys.temperature.effectiveintRadRadiussolMassphys.angSize;srcfloatloggSurface gravitylog(cm.s**-2)phys.gravityfloatProt? Rotational perioddtime.periodfloatnullableAmpFlare amplitudedsrc.var.amplitudedoubleDurFlare durationdtime.durationdoubleTstartTime start (BJD-2400000)dtime.startdoubleTendTime end (BJD-2400000)dtime.enddoubleTpeakTime peak (BJD-2400000)dtime.epochdoubler_ProtProt reference (1)meta.ref;pos.framecharJ/other/RAA/23.H5017/ksupFlare events detected in this work, K-typerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintKICKepler idmeta.id;meta.mainintQQuartermeta.idintFstartTimeStart flare time (BJD-2454833)dtime.epochdoubleFendTimeEnd flare time (BJD-2454833)dtime.epochdoubleFPeakTimePeak flare tine (BJD-2454833)dtime.epochdoubleEEnergy1e-07Jphys.energydoubleTeffEffective temperatureKphys.temperature.effectiveintRadRadiussolMassphys.angSize;srcfloatloggSurface gravitylog(cm.s**-2)phys.gravityfloatAmpFlare amplitudedsrc.var.amplitudedoubleDurFlare durationdtime.durationdoubleTstartTime start (BJD-2400000)dtime.startdoubleTendTime end (BJD-2400000)dtime.enddoubleTpeakTime peak (BJD-2400000)dtime.epochdoubleExclud[FALSE/TRUE ] Excludedmeta.codecharJ/other/RAA/23.H5017/msupFlare events detected in this work, M-typerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintKICKepler idmeta.id;meta.mainintQQuartermeta.idintFstartTimeStart flare time (BJD-2454833)dtime.epochdoubleFendTimeEnd flare time (BJD-2454833)dtime.epochdoubleFPeakTimePeak flare tine (BJD-2454833)dtime.epochdoubleEEnergy1e-07Jphys.energydoubleExclud[FALSE/TRUE ] Excludedmeta.codecharTeffEffective temperatureKphys.temperature.effectiveintRadRadiussolMassphys.angSize;srcfloatloggSurface gravitylog(cm.s**-2)phys.gravityfloatAmpFlare amplitudedsrc.var.amplitudedoubleDurFlare durationdtime.durationdoubleTstartTime start (BJD-2400000)dtime.startdoubleTendTime end (BJD-2400000)dtime.enddoubleTpeakTime peak (BJD-2400000)dtime.epochdouble