J/other/RAA/23.Eivo://CDS.VizieR/J/other/RAA/23.E5022doi:10.26093/cds/vizier/dx/cdkpfaccCDSXiao G.-Y.Liu Y.-J.Teng H.-Y.Wang W.Brandt T.D.Zhao G.Zhao F.,Zhai M.Gao Q.2026-02-10T20:08:17Z2023-10-03T15:12:56ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frmultiple-starsexoplanetsstellar-massesorbitsradial-velocityvisible-astronomyBeing one of the most fundamental physical parameter of astronomical objects, mass plays a vital role in the study of exoplanets, including their temperature structure, chemical composition, formation, and evolution. However, nearly a quarter of the known confirmed exoplanets lack measurements of their masses. This is particularly severe for those discovered via the radial velocity (RV) technique, which alone could only yield the minimum mass of planets. In this study, we use published RV data combined with astrometric data from a cross-calibrated Hipparcos-Gaia Catalog of Accelerations to jointly constrain the masses of 115 RV-detected substellar companions, by conducting full orbital fits using the public tool orvara. Among them, 9 exoplanets with M_p_sini<13.5M_Jup_ are reclassified to the brown dwarf (BD) regime, and 16 BD candidates (13.5<=M_p_sini<80M_Jup_) turn out to be low-mass M dwarfs. We point out the presence of a transition in the BD regime as seen in the distributions of host star metallicity and orbital eccentricity with respect to planet masses. We confirm the previous findings that companions with masses below 42.5M_Jup_ might primarily form in the protoplanetary disk through core accretion or disk gravitational instability, while those with masses above 42.5M_Jup_ formed through the gravitational instability of a molecular cloud like stars. Selection effects and detection biases, which may affect our analysis to some extent, are discussed.2023RAA....23e5022Xhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/other/RAA/23.E5022CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicehttps://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/other/RAA/23.E5022https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/other/RAA/23.E5022http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/other/RAA/23.E5022https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/other/RAA/23.E5022https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/other/RAA/23.E5022http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/other/RAA/23.E5022GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/other/RAA/23.E5022/tablea1 (Stellar parameters)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/other/RAA/23.E5022/tablea1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/other/RAA/23.E5022/tablea1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/other/RAA/23.E5022/tablea1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true73.02388396.47655250.0055555555555555566/0 455 679 717 1061 1597 2077 2305 2416 2497 2577 3569 4103 4136 4988 5758 5985 8054 8115 8787 8862 9662 10051 10490 10550 10772 11326 11352 12146 12186 12352 13423 13808 14305 14416 14839 15354 15910 16327 16350 16678 16995 18835 19808 19938 22237 22654 23013 23363 23503 23511 23513 23575 23738 24019 24312 25279 25446 25538 25595 25875 26440 27004 27616 28464 28792 28919 29246 29515 29852 30116 30416 31032 31374 33998 34390 34902 35958 36195 36759 37047 37049 38055 38270 38330 39364 39397 39500 39543 40066 40400 40938 40985 41167 41211 41515 41607 42570 42941 43442 43813 45364 45624 45682 45865 46100 46112 46306 46632 46678 47453 47780 485193.322582951404819e-19 3.852589004194616e-19https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/other/RAA/23.E5022?format=asciiOpticaldefaultJ/other/RAA/23.E5022/tablea1Stellar parametersrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintNameStar namemeta.id;meta.maincharm_Name[A] Multiplicity index on Namemeta.code.multipcharHIPHIP IDmeta.idintSpTypeSpectral Typesrc.spTypecharVmagV magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.VfloatB-VB-V colour indexmagphot.color;em.opt.B;em.opt.VfloatplxParallaxmaspos.parallax.trigfloate_plxParallax errormasstat.error;pos.parallaxfloatTeffEffective temperatureKphys.temperature.effectiveintSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlchare_Teff? Effective temperature errorKstat.error;phys.temperature.effectiveintnullableloggSurface gravitylog(cm.s**-2)phys.gravityfloate_logg? Surface gravity errorlog(cm.s**-2)stat.errorfloatnullable[Fe/H]Metallicityphys.abund.Zfloate_[Fe/H]? Metallicity errorstat.error;phys.abund.FefloatnullableMstarStellar masssolMassphys.massfloate_MstarStellar mass errorsolMassstat.errorfloatn_Mstar[*] Note on Mstar (1)meta.notecharchi2HGCA? Reduced chi^2^stat.fit.chi2doublenullableRefReference, in refs.dat filemeta.ref;pos.frame;meta.filechar_RARight Ascension (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEDeclination (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainJ/other/RAA/23.E5022/tablea2Published RV data for our sampleNameStar namemeta.id;meta.maincharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintInstInstrument (1)meta.id;instrcharNobsNumber of observationsmeta.numberintsigma0Velocity dispersionm/sphys.veloc.dispersionfloatTimespan? Time spandtime.intervalintnullableRefReference, in refs.dat filemeta.ref;pos.frame;meta.filecharJ/other/RAA/23.E5022/tablea3Posteriors of RV companions, ordered by the value of MprecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintPlanetPlanet namemeta.id;meta.maincharMpPlanet mass(1.898187x10+27kg)phys.massfloate_MpPlanet mass(1.898187x10+27kg)stat.errorfloatE_MpPlanet mass(1.898187x10+27kg)stat.error;stat.maxfloatim90deg? Inclination for prograde orbit, i<90{deg}degsrc.orbital.inclinationfloatnullablee_im90deg? im90deg error (lower value)degstat.errorfloatnullableE_im90deg? im90deg error (upper value)degstat.error;stat.maxfloatnullableip90deg? Inclination for retrograde orbit, i>90{deg}degsrc.orbital.inclinationfloatnullablee_ip90deg? ip90deg error (lower value)degstat.errorfloatnullableE_ip90deg? ip90deg error (upper value)degstat.error;stat.maxfloatnullableaSemi-major axisauphys.angSize;srcdoublee_aSemi-major axis error (lower value)austat.errorfloatE_aSemi-major axis error (upper value)austat.error;stat.maxfloateEllipticitysrc.ellipticitydoublee_eEllipticit error (lower value)ystat.errordoubleE_eEllipticity error (upper value)stat.error;stat.maxdoublePPeriodyrtime.perioddoublee_PPeriod error (lower value)yrstat.errordoubleE_PPeriod error (upper value)yrstat.error;stat.maxdoubleOmegaLongitude of ascending nodedegsrc.orbital.nodefloate_OmegaLongitude of ascending node error (lower value)degstat.errorfloatE_OmegaLongitude of ascending node error (upper value)degstat.error;stat.maxfloatomegaArgument of Periastrondegsrc.orbital.periastronfloate_omegaArgument of Periastron error (lower value)degstat.errorfloatE_omegaArgument of Periastron error (upper value)degstat.error;stat.maxfloatarelSemimajor axis of the secondary relative to the primary starmasphys.angSize;srcdoublee_arelarel error (lower value)masstat.errorfloatE_arelarel error (upper value)masstat.error;stat.maxdoubleTpPeriastron epoch (JD-2450000)dtime.epochdoublee_TpPeriastron epoch error (lower value)dstat.errordoubleE_TpPeriastron epoch error (upper value)dstat.error;stat.maxdoubleMpsiniPlanet mass*sini value(1.898187x10+27kg)phys.massfloate_MpsiniPlanet mass*sini value error (lower value)(1.898187x10+27kg)stat.errorfloatE_MpsiniPlanet mass*sini value error (upper value)(1.898187x10+27kg)stat.error;stat.maxfloatNameStar namemeta.id.parentcharJ/other/RAA/23.E5022/refsReferencesrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintRefReference numbermeta.id;meta.mainintBibCodeBibCodemeta.bib.bibcodecharAutAuthor's namemeta.bib.authorcharComCommentsmeta.notechar